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In order to find the cause of a failure, it is necessary not only to investigate the bearing itself but to perform a comprehensive investigation that includes the lubricant and the mounting parts (shaft, housing, and surrounding components).

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Any noise/vibration made by the bearing (monitored by means of a stethoscope, vibration measuring instrument, or equivalent; accurate detection requires both training and a lot of practice)

For abnormalities that occur during bearing operation, such as noise/vibration, abnormal temperature rise, and so on, we need to sort out the cause and countermeasures, and take the appropriate countermeasures. Table 4 shows some of the abnormalities that can occur during bearing operation, their causes, and countermeasures that can be taken against them.

Due to this repeated load, high pressure is generated on the raceway surfaces of the inner and outer rings that are in contact with the rolling surfaces of the rolling elements.

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Being able to identify and predict abnormalities that occur during operation (such as abnormal temperature rise, noise, or vibration) without taking the machine apart also greatly contributes to the productivity and economic efficiency of the machine.

If bearings are operated under ideal conditions, they will last until their service life comes to an end due to rolling fatigue of the materials. But sometimes bearings can break down, or "fail," earlier than expected, and, in such a situation, it is necessary not only to investigate the bearing itself but to perform a comprehensive investigation that includes the lubricant and the mounting parts (shaft, housing, and surrounding components).

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Consequently, material flakes from the surfaces of the bearing rings or rolling elements by fatigue arising from repeated contact stress. This is called "flaking" or "spalling" (see Figures 2 and 3).

Table 6 shows the types of bearing failure and where they occur. The names of the various bearing components are indicated in Figures 4 a) through 4 d).

In this series, we will call bearing visual defects "bearing failure," and we will explain the typical bearing failure, its causes, and countermeasures that can be taken.

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As shown in Table 5, "failure" is divided into a number of classification shown in the "Classification of visual defect (general term)" column, and the details of these classifications are listed in the "Term(s) for the various types of failure (technical term[s])" column.

Abnormal temperature rise (monitored by means of a continuous record of the temperature; this method can only in used in relatively stable operating condition)

Rolling fatigue in the material leads to bearing failure. If the bearing has been operated under ideal conditions, the point at which this flaking occurs is the end of the bearing's service life.

If you have selected your bearings properly and they are operated under ideal conditions, they will last until their specified service life comes to an end. But sometimes bearing failure can occur earlier than expected.

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When a bearing that suppors a load rotates, the load is repeatedly applied to the raceway surfaces of the inner and outer rings each time rolling elements (balls or rollers) pass (see Figure 1).

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Please note that while the JTEKT rolling bearing catalog uses the terms "bearing" and "rolling bearing" interchangeably, this column does not use the term "rolling bearing" as a general rule.

Before examining/considering the cause of the bearing breakdown, it is important first to have a proper grasp of just when the bearing breakdown occurred. As shown in Table 3, you can, to a certain extent, narrow down the cause of the bearing breakdown by determining when it occurred.

Foreign matter Defective sealing device, entry of foreign matter due to wear, etc., or 3) Abnormalities during bearing operation, their causes, and countermeasures that can be taken against them