Visionary films set in the technologically advanced future have long imagined cars that ride around on frictionless orbs similar to Star Wars’ BB-8. We aren’t there yet, as cars still use wheels and tires to tackle terrain for now, but the modern automobile would not be possible without a different type of roller balls. We’re talking about ball bearings.

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Many recall John Saunders as the strongest voice to oppose Herbert Evans in the struggle to keep the medical school in San Francisco. Evans' preference for Berkeley reflected an opinion that caused many decades of divisiveness for the growing San Francisco campus. Saunders remained a part of many UCSF activities after his retirement in 1971. He received numerous honors and degrees around the world. One of the most coveted was the naming of the quadrangle between the Library and the School of Nursing named "Saunders Court" as a tribute to both John and Alison Saunders for their many contributions benefiting students and faculty.

Behind virtually every wheel on every newish vehicle, there is a set of tiny ball bearings that keep the wheels smoothly rotating without interruption. They’re unsung heroes when it comes to discussions of a car’s primary parts, but their importance cannot be overstated.

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Wheel hub assemblies are often extremely stubborn to remove. If you’re already in the middle of the job but don’t have a puller tool, these other tools and methods might be able to help. Just use extreme caution not to damage anything, and always use necessary safety precautions.

Pretty much all new wheel hub assemblies come equipped with built-in sensors that inform the traction control, ABS, stability control, and other driver-assistance systems. If something within the wheel bearing isn’t functioning in proper form, it could cause the systems to malfunction, or throw and code and warning light.

A. The car might be able to drive, but we do not recommend ever driving with a bad wheel bearing. If you notice symptoms and suspect a bad bearing, immediately drive home or to the repair shop.

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The good thing about a wheel bearing is you’ll know when it goes bad, thanks to a few obvious symptoms. These are the tell-tale signs you need to inspect yours:

Most modern wheel bearings are sealed and for good reason. If any dirt, debris, or other contamination gets into the bearings, it could reduce lubrication and increase friction. If it gets too hot, or there’s too much debris in the bearings, they could start to lock up or grind. If the bearings lock up, the wheel could lock up.

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No, the steering wheel itself won’t feel loose, but the steering feel might. If a bearing goes bad, it might create a bit of play within the wheel assembly. If this occurs, your steering might feel more vague than normal.

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A.  Depending on the car, the average cost of a single wheel hub assembly, not just a bearing, will likely land between $100-300. If you do the job on your own, multiply that by the number of hubs you’re replacing. If you’re taking it to a garage, multiply that number, then add the cost of labor. It won’t be cheap.

The lifespan of your wheel bearings will depend on the manufacturer, the day-to-day operating conditions, and driving loads, but they are generally expected to last at least 75,000-100,000 miles.

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Ball bearings, however, use miniature balls with small contact points for rolling ease. Ball bearings are typically sealed, which is great for keeping contamination out, but they often cannot be serviced.

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A wheel bearing is located within the wheel hub, which connects the wheel to the axle. Each wheel has its own set of wheel bearings.

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A. In one of the worst-case scenarios, the wheel could lock up while driving. That is to say that driving with a bad wheel bearing could be potentially very dangerous.

In 1950, Saunders published with C. D. O'Malley The Illustrations of the Works of Vesalius of Brussels. Two years later, a second book by O'Malley and Saunders entitled Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body was highly praised. He continued to write and publish on medical history until his death at age eighty-eight.

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Wheel bearings are small metal balls held within small rings that are designed to reduce rolling friction and allow the car’s wheels to spin freely, all while sustaining the vehicle’s weight.

Saunders conducted research with LeRoy C. Abbott of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Verne T. Inman of the Biomechanics Laboratory. With them and other colleagues he studied the normal and diseased spinal column, nerve injury and regeneration, the mechanics of the joints of the upper and lower limbs, and the nature of normal and pathological gait. He published studies on congenital abnormalities of the duodenum, and on the development of the genitourinary tract. Later, he made important observations on the formation of the ventricles and the aorta.

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Although these small balls are not a part of the regular maintenance cycle, they do eventually go bad, so it’s important to know how they work when it comes time for repairs. For that reason, The Drive’s reliable informational team has assembled the answers to all your questions in one place. Let’s explore.

Saunders came to the University of California in 1931 as an anatomy professor and was chair of the department from 1938 to 1956. Among his many other positions during his sixty years with UCSF, he was chair of the Department of History of Health Sciences from 1942 to 1975, Dean of the UCSF School of Medicine 1956-63, University Librarian from 1943 to 1971, first UCSF Provost from 1958 to 1964, and the first Chancellor of UCSF, from 1964 to 1966.

The most common symptom of bad wheel bearings is the weird noise they produce when something is off. You might hear humming, whirring, rumbling, grinding, or clicking, depending on how the wheel bearing is failing.

If a wheel bearing seal is broken and the insides become contaminated with hard particles, or it has simply worn down over time, it could cause a rougher-than-usual ride and vibrations.

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Two of the most common types of wheel bearings are ball and roller. One style of wheel bearings used rollers, which were basically a series of small cylinders placed within a tapered circular housing. Roller bearings typically are not sealed, which is good for service but bad for susceptibility to contamination.

On the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the publication of the great anatomical work, De Humani Corporis Fabrici, by Andreas Vesalius in 1543, Saunders published a paper with Leroy Crummer on Loys Vasse, a contemporary of Vesalius. He continued to write several papers on aspects of the life and times of Vesalius.

Each car is different and might require different steps, but these are the general steps you will go through when removing a wheel hub assembly.

As the ball bearings wear down, they will start to loosen up within their housings and/or lose some of their effectiveness. Because of this, the tires could wear down unevenly.

A. The only easy checks for bad wheel bearings include a bit of assumption. To start, you want to listen for odd sounds such as humming, whirring, or grinding coming from the suspected wheel. If you hear something and can identify the source to a wheel, you can then jack the car up and check the wheel for movement, slack, or play in its linkage to the car. You can do this by grabbing the wheel by each side and shifting forward and back or side to side.

The best thing to do with a bad wheel bearing is to replace it, along with the others to ensure even and balanced driving. The wheel bearings typically come as part of a larger wheel hub assembly package.