where P is the external load, A is the cross-sectional area of the component and \([{\sigma}]\) and \([{\sigma}_c]\) are allowable tensile and compressive stress of the material. From \(\frac{P}{A} = [{\sigma}]\) or \(\frac{P}{A} = [{\sigma}_c]\), the minimum cross-sectional area required to withstand a known load, P can be determined for given allowable stresses.

Depending upon the criteria of failure decided, the strength of the material is divided by a factor of safety to obtain allowable stress or design stress.

Staticload and dynamic load examples

Tensile stress is created in a component when the fibres of the component tend to elongate under external pressure. Contrarily, compressive stress refers to the type of stress that develops in a component when the fibres tend to shorten as a result of external pressure.

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where, M is the applied bending moment, I is the Moment of inertia of the cross-section about the neutral axis and y is the distance of the fibre from the neutral axis. The distribution of bending stress is linear as shown in Figure 3. Stress is proportional to the distance of the fibre from the neutral axis and is maximum in the farthest fibre.

Staticload vs dynamic load

Yield strength is used as a failure criterion for ductile materials because it indicates when the stress generated in a material begins to yield and undergo excessive plastic deformation. Once the tension has reached Ultimate Tensile Strength, brittle materials experience very slight plastic deformation before breaking. As a result, for brittle materials, ultimate tensile strength is regarded as a failure indicator.

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Let us now understand what is dynamic loading and the different types of dynamic loads. Dynamic load is defined as a load that alters over time, either in magnitude, direction, or both, such as the force exerted on an internal combustion engine's connecting rod. Dynamic loads can also include shock loads and impact loads, which are applied loads that have a specific rate. Once we check for static load and find that the component is safe, we check for dynamic load capacity.

What isstatic loadingin the body

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A vital and challenging job is determining the proper loads acting on a machine component. If the working loads are not accurately estimated or predicted, all stress and deflection analysis is useless, and the component cannot perform as intended. The loads operating on a machine component may be known directly or may need to be calculated using fundamental engineering mechanics principles, etc.

Cases arise such as in propeller shafts of ships where a shaft is subjected to direct thrust in addition to bending moment and torsion. In such cases, the direct stresses due to the bending moment and the axial thrust have to be combined into a single resultant. This case is mostly seen in beams and axle shafts of vehicles.

Static loadingback injury

A machine component that experiences a bending moment experiences compressive stress on one side of the neutral plane and tensile stress on the other. The outside strands are therefore in tension, and the inside fibres are in compression. The bending stress at any fibre is given by,

The distribution of torsional shear stress is shown in Figure 2. Stress is maximum at the outer fibre and zero at the axis of rotation. The angle of twist for a given value of applied torque, T and length of the shaft, l can be calculated using the relation, \(T/J = G\theta /l\), where, \(\theta \) is the angle of twist (radians) and G is Modulus of rigidity.

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When a machine component stops carrying out its original function, it is said to have failed. It may happen if its stress or deflection crosses the acceptable limit. Plastic Deformation is regarded as a failure criterion because excessive deformation of a specific element may cause unintentional interference between the machine's elements or jam the machine. Similar to how excessive stresses can cause a machine component to yield or fracture, rendering it incapable of carrying out its intended purpose.

Static loadingexamples

A resisting force is created inside a mechanical component when it is exposed to external pressure. Stress is the term for this opposing force per unit surface of the component. The maximum stress that can be developed in a member shouldn't be greater than the permissible value determined by the material's strength while taking a particular element of safety into account i.e any stress ‘\(\sigma\) = applied stress on the component’ should always be ≤ [\(\sigma\) = allowable stress on the component]. Optimised values of the critical dimensions can be calculated by equating {\sigma} and [{\sigma} ]. Equation {\sigma} = [{\sigma} ] is called a design equation and its use for simple stresses is discussed here.

Static loadinginjury

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Tensile stress is created in a component when the fibres of the component tend to elongate under external pressure. Contrarily, compressive stress refers to the type of stress that develops in a component when the fibres tend to shorten as a result of external pressure. Average shear stress is given by,

Following the calculation or estimation of the applied load, free body diagrams and the fundamental equilibrium equations for forces and moments are used to calculate the load operating on the various machine components. In this article, we will learn about design for static and dynamic loading. This article will help you prepare for exams like SSC JE ME, GATE ME and RRB JE Mechanical Engineering.

The factor of safety is a measurement of reserve strength that is available to handle any unforeseen or unanticipated conditions that may emerge as a result of uncertainties in the material's properties, the magnitude and direction of the load, and the operating conditions. The severity, cost, and danger of a failure, the type of load (static or dynamic), the accuracy of load calculations, the material chosen (ductile, brittle, homogeneous), the desired reliability, the service conditions (normal, corrosive, temperature level), the manufacturing quality (variation in desired dimensions, quality), and cost, among other factors, all affect the value of the factor of safety.

Each component of the machine is exposed to various loads, which may be caused by energy, torque, or power transmission, as well as by their own weight, frictional resistance, inertia, centrifugal forces, or temperature gradient. A load may be classified as static or dynamic.

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Dynamic load

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Static loadingErgonomics

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where T is applied torque, r is the radial distance of the fibre from the axis of rotation and J is the polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation.

The static load is the load which does not change in magnitude or direction and gradually increases to a steady value e.g. dead weight of machine elements. A static load is defined as a force which is gradually applied to a mechanical component and which does not (or gradually) change its magnitude or direction with respect to time. We always check for static load-carrying capacity first.