Stainless steel is a universal material that forms the foundation of innumerable industrial setups. Passivation of stainless steel is a core process in maintaining its quality and longevity.

This layer prevents atmospheric compounds from reacting with the iron content in stainless steel, which deteriorates its quality. The results are quite similar to aluminum anodizing.

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Every time a new component is added or an old one is replaced, passivation is a must. A chemically reactive part can very quickly catch rust and damage other parts and also the industrial process itself.

The second step for the passivation of stainless steel is the acid bath. The cleaned stainless steel surface is immersed in a bath comprising an acid solution and some other additives like accelerators and inhibitors.

The most common acids for steel passivation are nitric acid and citric acid. In the following section, we briefly touch upon both of these and offer a comparison.

It is economically prudent to process stainless steel in a separate environment, where it may be less exposed to iron and impurities. In the long run, it can save massive passivation costs and downtime.

Passivation is recommended for both 304 and 316 grades for long service life. While 316 SS does have better corrosion resistance due to its higher molybdenum content, it does not provide enough protection for most industrial environments.

Passivation chemicals forstainless steel

No matter stainless steel passivation to all the other surface finishing processes, you’ll confidently get parts with durability and perfect performance. Contact us for your passivation projects, and we’ll give you an instant quote and DFM feedback within the next 12 business hours.

The thin layer of chromium (and nickel) oxide on stainless steel makes it resistant to corrosion. However, sometimes this layer may not properly form by itself or may be damaged, leaving the stainless steel susceptible to corrosion. This is where the passivation process comes in. It serves the purpose of forming or restoring the protective layer to the desired quality.

There is a wide range of machinery for the passivation of stainless steel. We will highlight some of the main features of the passivation equipment available in the market.

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It provides guidelines and procedures for dissolving iron and other less noble metallic elements from the surface of stainless steel to make it more corrosion-resistant.

Yes. The protective oxide layer on stainless steel gets weaker with time and use. When this happens, stainless steel should be re-passivated to restore its corrosion resistance. Depending upon the condition of the SS parts, they may be passivated more than twice as well.

To do that, you’ll first need to jack up your car so that both wheels are off the ground. We would strongly recommend using service ramps for this to ensure you can carry out the following checks safely.

As with any industrial procedure, certain professional practices enhance the quality of steel passivation processes. Enlisted below are some of the major recommended practices for engineers who deal with passivated stainless steel.

Nitric acid was the original passivating agent for stainless steel that works on the metal by dissolving iron, which the circulating bath then carries away. Its main features are:

We will now discuss the passivation process in depth. Stainless steel passivation is a 3-step process: cleaning, acid bath, and quality testing.

How to passivate stainless steelwith vinegar

You can still drive with a bad wheel bearing, but we wouldn’t recommend it for long distances. Keep your mileage to a minimum and look out for worsening symptoms of a wheel bearing fault; we cover the symptoms to check for later in this guide.

When is passivation ofstainless steelrequired

–Assembly: Stainless steel products are most often an assembly of various parts. During assembly, individual components rub against each other and the resulting friction can damage the layer of oxides, oftentimes to the extent that it may completely vanish at some points.

Once you’ve performed this basic wheel bearing test, you should have a better idea of where the problem is. Then, it’s a case of diagnosing the front or rear wheel on the side in question.

If you’re aware that there’s an issue with your car’s wheel bearing, it’s best to take it straight to a mechanic for a full diagnosis and repair. Often, it may just be a case of relubricating the ball bearings within the assembly before repacking them, which is significantly simpler to put right than the alternative.

Most industries use stainless steel parts whose passivity decreases over time with use or due to compounds like chlorides. The corrosion potential of such components must be periodically checked to see if they need re-passivation.

While the process is not complicated, common passivation even can be done at home with a simple kit. If you want production-grade stainless steel passivated parts, then you will need to hire a professional company.

All of these scenarios are very common in an industrial environment. Thus, professional engineers adopt a regular steel passivation schedule to prolong the life and quality of industrial equipment, saving money, time, and effort in the long term.

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The frequency of passivation for stainless steel depends on your industrial application. Parts that are exposed to too much dirt, friction, wear or other extreme conditions should be passivated more frequently than parts in a mild industrial environment. Parts carrying high chloride content, for example, should be passivated 2-3 times a year. Generally, SS parts should be passivated once a year for normal applications.

Passivation of stainless steel is a chemical process to make it unreactive to moisture and oxygen, the primary substances that cause it to rust. The passivation process achieves this by creating a very thin layer (a few atoms wide) of Chromium Oxide (2Cr2O3) on the stainless steel’s exposed surface.

How to passivate stainless steelat home

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Three parameters control this step in the passivation of stainless steel: the concentration, temperature, and duration of the acid bath. Different combinations of these parameters yield different results. The engineers’ experience and skill are critical in setting these parameters for the best results.

When the car is elevated and in place, take hold of each wheel in turn and wiggle it backwards and forwards, side to side. If there is any play in the wheel, it feels wobbly or loose, or an unusual noise accompanies some minor movement, then you’ve found the problem wheel.

As you’ll know from our car maintenance glossary, bearings allow the wheels to turn freely without generating huge amounts of heat. If a bearing were to fail, the wheel can seize up altogether, resulting in catastrophic damage and the potential for a serious incident. Indeed, in the very worst-case scenario, a failed bearing can cause the wheel to rip away from the car entirely.

How to passivate stainless steelwith nitric acid

The last step in stainless steel passivation is quality testing. The passivated metal passes through some checks that it needs to pass.

Meanwhile, it is also common to have quality checks during the acid bath step. Monitoring the iron concentration and acidity of the circulating acid bath indicates the progress and effectiveness of the passivation process.

How to passivate stainless steelrust

–Regular Wear & Tear: The chromium oxide layer weakens over time as the part sees various thermal, chemical, and physical environments during service.

The ASTM A380/A380M contains detailed process guidelines and precautionary statements for passivating stainless steel parts, assemblies, equipment, and installed systems. This includes various steps of the process like cleaning, descaling, and passivating.

Engineers must understand that every stainless steel grade is different and the same passivation cycle is not fit for all of them. Thus, some intuition and experience are required to tweak the process for each grade and part to achieve optimal results.

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–Low-Quality Raw Materials: Impurities from bad quality raw materials may not be fully extracted during steel fabrication. This can cause its chemical passivity to fall.

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Passivation ofstainless steelpdf

Common surface impurities include dirt, grease, mineral and synthetic oils, hydrocarbons, and other residues from industrial environments.

Need to recap the signs of a failing wheel bearing? Here are the symptoms to watch out for while you’re driving, particularly when turning corners:

An industry working with corrosive fluids should keep their composition under check. The fluids should be cleaned or changed if they become too dangerous for the stainless steel equipment.

Chemical tests like the Ferroxyl test are also quite useful. It exposes iron by reacting with it and changing its appearance. Also, equipment like passivity meters is also quite popular to check the reactivity of stainless steel.

How to passivate stainless steelwith citric acid

Replacing all of your car’s wheel bearings might cost an eye-watering sum, but it’s guaranteed to be a lot cheaper than repairing the damage should a bearing fail.

If you suspect you have a wheel bearing fault but aren’t sure which side of the vehicle is affected, there’s a safe and simple test you can use to check. Our step-by-step guide below can take you through how it’s done…

Engineers use several testing methods at this stage. One strategy is to create an environment where rusting is easy. This is known as the water immersion test, where stainless steel goes through continuous cycles of wet and dry environments and is constantly monitored for signs of corrosion. Usually, poor passivation leads to visible rust on the surface.

Cleaning the stainless steel surface is a crucial step for successful passivation. Accumulated surface impurities can block the passivating acids from reaching the surface, rendering all efforts useful.

Typically, wheel bearings have a lifespan of around 85,000 to 100,000 miles, so if your car is approaching these kinds of figures, it’s important to keep an eye on the tell-tale signs of a bearing in decline.

The ASTM A967/A967M standard covers various types of chemical passivation with both nitric and citric acid, as well as electrochemical treatment. It contains detailed information on the passivation process, quality testing methods and criteria, and recommendations for the initial steps of cleaning and descaling.

There are various methods to degrease a stainless steel surface. Alkaline detergents and high-temperature baths (up to 65°C) are highly effective in dissolving and removing impurities.

Passivation of stainless steel is highly standardized due to its importance. Industry standards by ASTM and ASM are the most popular ones, covering passivation of useful stainless steel grades like 304 and 316 SS.

Stainless steel passivation is an important process that helps to keep stainless steel looking new and prevent it from corroding. So, it is inarguably a powerful method to boost productivity and quality of service.

This chemical reaction removes free iron from the metal’s surface. The main goal is to achieve a high chromium-to-iron ratio so there is more chromium available for oxidation instead of iron.

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It serves a very important purpose in numerous industries like food processing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. where equipment corrosion can lead to safety hazards and great losses. Properly passivated stainless steel also improves productivity and decreases maintenance load.

The cost of a wheel bearing replacement in the UK is roughly £150-£300, dependent on the make and model of your car and a mechanic’s labour costs. The good news is that you don’t need to replace all wheel bearings at once if the other three remain in a safe and serviceable condition.

Given the damage that can occur as a result of a failed wheel bearing, not to mention the dangers, this further reinforces the importance of getting those bearings checked and repaired the moment you realise there’s a problem.

–Machining/Grinding: Most stainless steel parts go through manufacturing processes like machining and grinding. The tools used in these processes contain iron that gets embedded into the stainless steel surface during machining. Machining lubricants and cooling liquids can also accumulate in surface pits, introducing another form of impurity.

Let us move on to citric acid. It is a relatively new agent for the passivation of stainless steel. It chemically reacts with iron on the steel’s surface but also removes chromium and nickel. However, the prepared surface is well prepared to naturally react with ambient air to form a thick oxide layer.

Size: There are several sizes of passivation equipment from benchtops to large-scale industrial units that can passivate huge parts.

Manual/Automatic: Users can choose between manual and automatic units. Automatic units are more accurate, safe, and have intuitive human-machine interfaces. PLC-controlled systems add another level of precision and reliability to the machine.

SAE International maintains the AMS 2700 standard detailing specifications for passivating stainless steel surfaces. It is more tuned towards professional practices in industries like aerospace and automotive.

Suspect that your car is suffering from a faulty wheel bearing? Our guide can help you check and diagnose the problem, and decide if and when it’s still safe to drive.

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Continuing to drive on a bad wheel bearing can lead to extensive and critical damage which will be significantly more expensive to repair than a simple bearing re-grease and service. And in the worst cases, the damage from a faulty bearing that goes untreated can prove impossible to fix, particularly if it contributes to corrosion of surrounding components and the axle.