No matter which type of polyurethane is used, it’s important to remember that glossy top coats show hidden imperfections and underlying wear and tear. Let a commercial painter decide if a glossy or matte top coat is best for your commercial building.

A relatively new technology compared to fins, gyro stabilisers spin a heavy metal flywheel at up to 17,000rpm and then use the gyro's desire to remain vertical to push back against the forces trying to tip it over. This proves very effective, especially at anchor. The rolling and yawing is instead turned into more of a bobbing motion, which is very easy to live with.

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Modern technology can remove as much as 90 per cent of the rolling motion of a yacht, greatly improving comfort and safety and even saving fuel - and technology is improving all the time. BOAT explores the options.

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CONS: Not as effective as fins underway, but very useful in tenders, especially for sports fishing. Require a reasonable amount of space and provision of strong points.

Gyros are usually delivered as a self-contained unit and can be installed wherever there is room, but ideally on strengthened bearers along the centreline. They operate almost silently, mainly because the flywheels are often spinning in a vacuum to minimise resistance and heat. Gyros come in a wide range of outputs, from the superyacht-sized Veem VG1405D to the Seakeeper 1, installed on a centre-console sportsboat. Gyros do require a considerable amount of space below, a steady power source and strong points to push against.

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This water-based coating also has few volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during application compared to oil-based polyurethane. This is better for the environment, long-term indoor air quality, and on-the-job painters.

"Stabilisation isn't just about comfort, it is also about safety," says Jonathan Ridley, associate professor of marine engineering at Solent University. "Combatting acceleration is very tiring for even the most experienced crews, as they are constantly expending energy to oppose the changing dynamics. Even sitting down requires effort to stay in one place. For the guests, being seasick is a miserable experience that can put them off boating for life. A steady ship also prevents damage to inventory from excessive movement. There are even fuel savings to be made from improved directional stability underway. As such, stabilisation is seen as a standard fit on most modern motor yachts above 25 metres, although is far less common in sailing yachts. Whilst self-contained gyros are still used at anchor, underway the press of sails and the long keels tend to have a powerful damping motion, although some sailing yachts will still carry a fin system for long passages under motor."

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As actuator technology advances, the hydrodynamic wing is evolving fast. This is a melding of fins and trim tabs, so when underway, the wings behave just like those of an aircraft, presenting at right angles to the flow and twitching up and down to exert the necessary opposing forces. At anchor, they sweep backward and forward like giant paddles, generating the lift required to cancel out rolling. When not needed, they retract neatly into the hull.

What isurethane

This choice sealant better resists scratches, impact, and abrasion than epoxy coatings. Urethane coatings also provide a pleasant finishing appearance and protection against chemicals and the natural elements, including UV rays, rain, and snow.

Urethane helps seal easily chipped and faded paint on glass. The best solution is a glossy water-based polyurethane finish to mimic the natural shine of glass and to prevent rampant flaking caused by oil. This choice sealant also doesn’t stain or damage the glass.

Electric fin systems are well suited to installation in yachts that also have other electric-powered equipment and can run off the vessel’s house system, eliminating the need to accommodate hydraulic piping on board. They also create less noise than some older hydraulic systems, which is very desirable to boat owners.

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PROS: Fins are very effective, quick acting, powerful and usually offering zero speed functions. Less space is needed with the latest units due to the compact size of motors and hydraulics.

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Exterior polyurethane can be used for interior flooring in a commercial building, but interior polyurethane should never be used for exterior paint jobs because it lacks the UV finishing protection.

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Stabilising a yacht while it is motionless or at anchor requires a different type of fin motion. Today, most companies offer an at-rest solution as well - either by using the same fins in a different mode or by installing a second set of fins.

According to Cor-Pro Systems, a corrosion protection company in Houston, “Urethane coating for metals presents a thin film, high gloss finish with exceptional weathering performance characteristics. This coating is used in virtually all industrial markets to provide a smooth durable finish that has superior resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and chemical exposure.”

All the stabilisers we feature here are "active" units, meaning they have moving parts that "push back" against the sea. Most will operate with very little noise, another consideration if anchored peacefully at night. Although there are variants and technology is improving all the time, here are the five main types:

Stabilisers must prove equally effective both underway or at anchor (known as 'zero-speed'). When underway, the water moving past the hull can be deflected up or down by powerful electric or hydraulic fins, providing an immediate counterforce to the rolling motion. When anchored or drifting, and with no water flow to harness, stabilisation becomes more of a challenge. As such, many yacht builders will fit a combination of technologies, such as fins and gyros, which work well together. Fins will kick back and forth to minimise a roll, while gyro stabilisers - big, powered examples of the spinning flywheel toys we probably all played with at school - will exert a counterforce on the hull as they try and stay upright. A large yacht could have several gyros fitted, interceptors, fins, or a mix of all of them.

PROS: Very effective at anchor. Easy to install. Multiple units can work together. No need to place it on the centre line.

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"It isn't motion itself that causes travel sickness," explains Ronnie Skuan, CEO of Norwegian stabiliser specialists, Sleipner. "You are fine moving in a straight line, but it is the acceleration and deceleration in between each change of direction that affects a person's balance. A yacht not only pitches and rolls in a seaway, but it also corkscrews, an uncomfortable motion known as yawing. What stabilisers do is largely cancel out the rolling motion, damping the yaw in the process. Any slight pitching motion that is left is usually well below the frequency that makes people ill, so they probably wouldn't even notice it. As a result, boating becomes a pleasure again."

What is liquid polyurethane used for

Some companies, such as Humphree, make both fins and interceptors, such as this Lightning mode (below), complete with colour change underwater lights. The unit is intended for tenders up to about 14 metres.

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Although technically not an 'active' stabiliser in the true sense, this is worth mentioning as there is a growing trend for large motor yachts to fit an underwater wing. The foil lifts the stern underway and can complement the fin system by keeping the yacht at the optimum angle of attack. Apart from saving fuel, another benefit is the reduction of turbulence in the wake, making the voyage a lot quieter, especially for guests relaxing near the stern. DMS also makes an articulating version, which gives the skipper more choice of trim and can compensate for different tank levels and other changes in loading.

In the past, most fin stabiliser systems were hydraulic, but nowadays there’s a growing trend among manufacturers to offer electric versions. CMC Marine was the first company to do this and it leads the market in supplying systems to all the major Italian shipbuilders.

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PROS: Fast acting, effective and helpful in saving fuel by establishing correct trim when planing. Minimal internal space needed.

The best metals to use an urethane coating for include titanium, stainless steel, and aluminum. However, urethane isn’t recommended for rusted steel, as this top coat isn’t a rust inhibitor.

Urethane coating (also known as a polyurethane finish) is a reliable and economical choice when it comes to choosing a high quality top coat for commercial buildings.

a part of a machine that supports another part that turns around: a wheel bearing, a roller bearing.

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Only effective for vessels underway, and particularly useful on faster yachts and tenders, interceptors and trim tabs are found on the transom and act on the very rear of the vessel. Interceptors are guillotine-type blades that drop vertically into the wake, whereas trim tabs are horizontal flaps. Both are usually motorised, and thanks to modern sensors and actuators, can react in a split second. The force they can exert cancels out a lot of the yawing movement underway.

Spin a cylinder in water or air, and you develop a low-pressure area on one side. This generates lift, known as the Magnus Effect, which can be harnessed to counteract a roll. Rotary stabilisers have proved effective both at anchor and underway as they can be articulated backwards and forwards. Skippers deploy them at 90 degrees at anchor for maximum leverage but angle them backward to reduce drag when cruising. The speed of the spin can be quickly altered to create different levels of lift depending on the conditions. Some types can be retracted into the hull to keep them safe and reduce drag to a minimum.

The best solution for wood flooring in a commercial building is a water-based, oil-modified polyurethane coat. It dries in the same toughness and light amber color (depending on the number of coats). It’s fast-drying, compatible with all wood, and has a low VOC level.

Another note is that water-based urethane turns slightly amber when it dries, which is good for wood flooring because it blends near seamlessly. While water-based polyurethane doesn’t require a lot of coats, the top coat dries fast, which allows professional painters to apply numerous coats quickly if need be.

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Sleipner has taken the concept further by giving the fins a swept upward curve, which makes the thrust far more effective at anchor. The shape also minimises 'fin walk' where the kicking movement gradually propels the yacht over its anchor. Some designs, such as those from Naiad Dynamics, also have a retractable inner blade that expands the surface area in rougher conditions.

Canvas is typically used for more creative paint projects, even in commercial buildings. Water-based polyurethane is still a great solution for these artsier projects, because it’s weatherproof and can be easily applied to projects that use acrylic/latex paint without the dark amber color of oil-based polyurethane.

Mimicking the profile of a fish, an opposing pair (or two pairs on larger vessels) of pivoting fins is placed under the hull as close to midships as possible and fitted with powerful actuators. The fins respond to sensors that measure the roll of the vessel and react quickly, providing a force that is equal and opposite. They are shaped to offer minimal drag going forward, but maximum effect when moving from side to side.

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For wood flooring, urethane top coat is especially useful. It protects against abrasion, like knocks and scrapes, from overuse; environmental elements, like rain and snow, that are dragged in on shoes; and solvents.

If a metal is used as part of an outdoor structure, urethane top coat is preferred to epoxy because the former provides extremely durable protection against the environmental elements. Epoxy is better suited for indoor structures.

In short, polyurethane is a versatile finishing coat that dries quickly, requires few coats, has a low VOC level, and protects many surfaces from weather damage, abrasion, and scratches. It’s a choice sealant for many commercial painting companies, including Cochran & Mann in Frederick, Maryland.