Rear suspensiontypes

The strut bar helps to hold the lower arm, allowing the front wheel tires to function correctly. Its principal function is to improve steering response and control of the car. Generally, the front wheels act as the deciding factor when turning a vehicle, as they are designed to tilt while the back wheels maintain their position when turning. The strut bar also helps to reduce chassis flex, enhancing overall car rigidity and handling.

The primary function of the car suspension is to connect the wheels to the car and ensure traction on the roads. However, we can also split its functions into two main points. The first one is shock absorbing, which aids in absorbing the road’s imperfections and improving the quality of the ride.

While a car suspension allows the connection of the wheels of a vehicle, it performs a more significant role beyond this. Car suspension components like the springs, shock absorbers, and anti-roll bar are integral for a smooth, jolly ride, preventing the car from bouncing around and absorbing shocks, energies, and imperfections on the roads. They also aid in stabilizing the car, preventing it from rolling over, especially when driving at high speeds.

Since the problem was clearly a bad wheel bearing, I immediately went inside and jumped on my computer to get the part on order ASAP. I found that FCP Euro’s price on a front wheel bearing kit with a pair of German FAG bearing assemblies and the eight Loctite-coated bolts was over $300. Gulp! I began thinking about replacing only the bad bearing, and looking at prices and reviews of other less expensive aftermarket bearings, when I remembered the whole episode 10 years ago with replacing the wheel bearings in the wagon and how difficult those factory-Loctited bolts were to remove. A back injury I sustained last summer still has me hobbling around, and that kind of upper body twisting is a sure-fire recipe for relapse. Plus, there was the issue of the bottoms of the front struts being in the way of the bearing bolts. I realized that what I really needed to do was go out to the garage and verify beyond a shadow of a doubt that the bearing was actually the problem.

Rear SuspensionKit

Fortunately, wheel bearing failure is almost always announced by a ballsy-sounding rumble that’s pretty hard to miss. If the bearing is bereft of lubrication, it may also squeak or squeal. The pitch and severity of the sound should vary directly with vehicle speed but not engine rpm. The sound may change when the brakes are applied.

The lower and upper arms are components of the suspension system that connect the car chassis and other suspension parts like the knuckle arm, ensuring the wheels remain attached to them. This component functions as the handle moves up and down the suspension system, allowing easy turning of the vehicle and maintaining stability.

The real story starts about halfway through this piece. But if you’re a regular reader, you know that my stories are nothing without the proper context.

Rob’s latest book, The Best of the Hack Mechanic™: 35 years of Hacks, Kluges, and Assorted Automotive Mayhem is available on Amazon here. His other seven books are available here on Amazon, or you can order personally inscribed copies from Rob’s website, www.robsiegel.com.

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In contrast, rear wheel bearings in my vintage BMWs are so long-lived that, after owning upward of 70 cars, I’ve never replaced one. There’s a little journalistic sleight of hand in that statement, though. Thirty-five years ago, my wife and I were vacationing on Martha’s Vineyard in a high-mileage 1973 BMW Bavaria. We were coming home from dinner when a storm and tidal surge moved in, and while driving along the low, exposed road that runs along the barrier beach between Edgartown and Oak Bluffs on the eastern side of the island, crossed through a low-lying flooded section where seawater was unexpectedly deep. After that, the right rear wheel bearing began emitting an ever-increasing rumble. I limped the car home and looked at it, but didn’t own the bearing pullers I own now, and I paid a shop to replace it. So I didn’t replace it, but someone else did.

The lateral control rod is another additional component to the car suspension components. However, it is also integral, particularly in four-wheeler vehicles. The main function of this rod is to hold the axle when a load comes from the side.

News you can use. Good article, Rob, and thou art no “hack” mechanic. This is the sort of thing we’d like to see more of in Hagerty, fewer here’s what your MustangCamaroFerrari’s worth. Thank you, sir.

The springs function as a shock absorber. Its prominent role is to dissipate energy, dampen, and absorb all the impacts and shocks the wheels experience from the road’s imperfections. In addition, they also can maintain traction on the roads, preventing the effects of friction from transferring to the entire car.

The knuckle arm is the component of the car suspension at the front of those wheels. It is also called the steering knuckle or spindle, connecting suspension components to the vehicle’s wheel assembly. They allow the car wheels to pivot for steering, contributing to improved handling and the car’s response.

The last two items on my list—clutch hydraulics and ball joints—aren’t as universal. Clutch hydraulic failure is usually age-related, and thus you don’t see it often on modern cars. And I include ball joints on the list mostly because if they fail, you lose control of the car, and thus you can’t afford to be wrong about it. They’re actually remarkably stout items on my 1970s BMWs, but if you google “ball joint failure,” you see photos of a variety of relatively late-model vehicles with a front wheel rotated 90 degrees and jammed up under the wheel well.

Welding is a fundamental manufacturing method in assembly and joining two or more metal components together. It may prove effective for joining suspension components to the car frame or chassis or joining one part to another. The process involves heating a tiny portion of the adjoining parts into the molten state to allow the fusing of other parts, creating a strong bond. Welding ensures the integrity and security of the connection, creating a stable and overall high-strength suspension system.

Another item that’s not on my “Big Seven” list is wheel bearings. They do eventually wear, and are certainly an item to replace when systematically sorting out a car that’s sat for decades, but their failure mode is so soft that it’s practically a pillow with a Cashmere cover. Wear is usually caused by a combination of high mileage and loss of lubrication. Play will eventually develop between the bearings and the race they run in. This will allow motion along the axis perpendicular to rotation, which in turn will increase the wear.

Rear suspension car

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The semi-independent suspension components of these vehicles are often directly attached to the car frame instead of the chassis. That said, this system displays a good balance of cost and high performance, making them a good choice for compact cars and some SUVs.

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Rob. Question, why were you putting snow tyres on and pulling them off of off all four wheels. Don’t the snow tyres only go on the driving wheels? Now I have see a few examples of some people from up north put them on the front wheels of rear wheel drive cars but I figured they were just not to bright Yankees.

Different car suspension systems are available, depending on the vehicle type and specifications. Below, we examine the more common suspension system used today.

Good story. One thing to remember is that whenever you install alloy wheels, and particularly those that don’t have conical lug nut seating surfaces, you should recheck the lug torques after 50 miles of driving. Almost no one ever does it, but lug nuts can and do occasionally loosen, and us humans make mistakes. This simple check can prevent a problem like the one you experienced.

The anti-roll bar, a stabilizer or anti-sway bar, is another integral component of the car suspension system. As the name suggests, it prevents the vehicle from rolling over, especially when driving on rough terrains or making sharp corners. It aids in stabilizing and maintaining the car’s balance, improving handling, and preventing body roll, especially when making a sharp turn at high speeds.

Rear suspension partsnames with pictures

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Injection molding is typically used to manufacture non-metallic components, particularly parts of plastics and composites. Therefore, since most car suspension components are made of metals, injection molding these components is not a common choice. However, it is an excellent choice for manufacturing automotive bumpers.

For a decade, I’ve written about “The Big Seven” things that are most likely to strand you on a road trip—fuel delivery issues, ignition issues, cooling system issues, charging system issues, belts, clutch hydraulics, and ball joints.

I was driving my 2003 E39 530i—the car I routinely describe as the best daily-driver BMW I’ve ever owned—up to a recording session about 30 miles from my house when I began to hear and feel a bit of a rumble in the front of the car. It appeared to be coming from the left front wheel. I was surprised at how quickly the rumble came on, but it stabilized at a fairly low level. That is, the symptom wasn’t like loose lug nuts, which, as I described in this Hagerty piece about losing a wheel, can announce itself with a rumble that gets so loud and progresses so quickly that you have only five or 10 seconds before the wheel falls off. Even so, to be safe, I slowed down and pulled into the right lane and paid very close attention. The sound varied directly with speed and changed when I tapped the brakes, so even though the symptom wasn’t exactly that of a bad wheel bearing, it was close enough that I allowed those “soft failure” diagnostic neurons to fire and continued on to my recording studio appointment.

I had a 99 Buick with cartridge style bearing and hub where the bearings developed play (noticeable in the handling) before ever exhibiting noise

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The semi-independent suspension system consists of elements of the dependent and independent systems. It features a rigid axle with coil springs, connecting the wheels on the same axle. However, like an independent system, each side of the car features distinct shock absorbers.

A veteran mechanic explained that to me while I was in the middle of tearing apart a dashboard for something that turned out to be a cheaper, easier, right-there-under-the-hood fix.

The car bumpers are usually manufactured using rubber or materials with excellent elastomeric properties to absorb shocks during extreme compression. Typically, they ensure the vehicle’s integrity when the springs expand or contract beyond the maximum limit.

Rear suspension partsdiagram

This suspension system – Macpherson struts – is named after the inventor John Macpherson, who developed them in 1837 for steam-powered vehicles, particularly trains.

The car suspension is an integral part of a vehicle. These components make smooth and safe driving possible, particularly during rough terrains or high speeds. The suspension system consists of various structures and components, each with a specific function to improve your comfort when driving.

The suspension of a car consists of various components. We have mentioned some of these parts, however, this section will take a more detailed approach to each car suspension component.

The damper or shock absorber’s central role is to dampen and absorb kinetic energy and vibration that results from the vehicle’s motion. You’d agree that the springs perform similar functions. However, the damper helps absorb the energy dissipated from the springs’ oscillatory (up-and-down) movement. They also assist in allowing car tires to maintain consistent contact with the road, promoting stability. Without the shock absorber to absorb the results of the springs’ oscillation, the car bounces, diminishing the driving experience.

I then moved to the suspected left front corner, jacked it up, and spun the wheel. It was noisy, though the noise was a little more clunky than rumbly. I grabbed the wheel at 6 and 12. Yup, play. Gotcha. Bad wheel bearing. I let the car down and began to walk back into the house to order the parts.

This bar is typically an iron rod, connecting the lower arms of the left and right wheels and attaching the vehicle itself to the center. These stabilizing rods usually have good elastic properties, which are required to perform their function. At the same time, anti-roll bars transfer energy from one wheel to another, compensating for the centrifugal forces generated during movement through a corner.

When I was done a few hours later, I wondered if I should play it safe and head to the nearest service station and ask them to throw the car up on the lift and check it out. The rumble, however, was still at a fairly low and constant level, so I continued onto the highway. I turned on my flashers, set my cruise control for 50 mph, and hugged the right lane. It got no worse on the drive home. I arrived at my house without incident, and pulled the nose of the car directly into the garage.

The movement of one wheel or component of the suspension system directly affects the other on the same axle. The design of this system is such that it uses a solid rear axle, connecting both wheels. While this suspension system features a simple and cost-effective design, it is not a common choice anymore because it is more common in rear-wheel-drive vehicles.

Good advice. I am friends with a guy who owned a tire store (since retired), and he hammered that into me for years. It’s now kind of second nature to me to re-torque after 30 and then 50 miles. Some people might think I’m a little bit anal about torquing lugs, but I’ve never “thrown a shoe” since beginning driving in the late ’50s!

A few years back, I wrote a piece about front wheel bearing replacement on one of my 1970s BMWs. Like many other vintage cars, these have a hub with inner and outer bearings, both of which have races that are press-fit into the hub and bearing adjustment that’s achieved by tightening a castellated nut just the right amount, then putting a cotter pin through the castles and a hole in the end of the stub axle. Replacement of these bearings is messy, but at least it can be accomplished without any special bearing pullers, as the old race can be banged out with a hammer and a punch and the new one pushed in with a hammer and a right-sized socket. On these cars, the front discs are attached to the insides of the front hubs, so replacing the discs exposes the bearings. Thus, if the bearings’ ages are unknown or if they show any or make any noise, it’s prudent to replace them when changing discs. I’ve thus replaced dozens of them.

Springs assist in absorbing and dissipating energy from road imperfections. Along with shock absorbers, they contribute to absorbing shock, promoting a smooth and comfortable ride. They help prevent the car from bouncing around, maintaining proper ride height.

However, I recently replaced the rear wheel bearings (one was rumbling) in my Winnebago Rialta (a VW Eurovan with a Winnebago camper body on it). This is a fairly common configuration where a rear hub and stub axle are pressed into the center section of a bearing, which in turn is pressed into a fixed housing. Thus, in two separate steps, the hub has to be pulled from the bearing, then the bearing pulled from the housing. I felt like I’d paid my debt to The Automotive Powers That Be, incurred from when I passed on doing the rear bearing on the Bavaria all those years ago.

The ball joints refer to pivot joints that accept lateral and horizontal loads on the car. It connects other suspension parts to allow for movement in multiple directions. It also serves as a rotation axis when the vehicle turns and contributes to maintaining proper wheel alignment, which is crucial for ensuring even wear.

My lug-nut vigilance has now officially increased to hyper-paranoid. I went out and double-checked the lug nuts on my wife’s car (they were fine).

When you replace these wheel bearing assemblies, you’re advised to also replace the bolts holding them in. The replacement bolts come pre-treated with a Loctite-like coating.

It’s usually easy to confirm a bad wheel bearing. Jack up the wheel, support that corner of the car with a jackstand, and spin the wheel. If the wheel is not a drive wheel—that is, if it’s a rear-wheel drive car and you’re checking a front wheel, or vice versa—the wheel should be easy to spin, and a rumble, if it exists, should be plainly audible. If it’s a drive wheel, though, this is more difficult, as the CV joints and the differential or transaxle are also turning, which makes it harder to spin the wheel fast as well as creates other possible sources for the rumble.

The design and functionality of the suspension system are the main differences between front and rear suspensions. While the front typically focuses more on steering responsiveness and handling, the rear suspension focuses on stability and weight distribution.

The MacPherson strut integrates a shock absorber and a coil spring into a single unit, simplifying the suspension design. It uses a strut that links to the car body and wheel hub to control the car’s wheel movement. Notably, this system is still in use today, offering structural support in addition to the suspension function. particularly in front-wheel-drive vehicles.

And obviously, there are common failures that are specific to vehicle make and/or model. I don’t road trip my vintage BMWs without checking the giubo—the rubber flex disc between the transmission and driveshaft—as well as carry a spare, as with age, they eventually crack. You can drive quite a way as they thump and smack the inside of the transmission tunnel on acceleration, but if they fail completely, the loose bolts can tear into the cover of the back of the transmission or break the ears on the transmission or driveshaft flanges.

The primary purpose of the car suspension system is to ensure the car tires remain in contact with the road, ensuring proper traction. These features allow for adequate vehicle handling, control, and stability, providing a smooth and comfortable ride for the driver and passengers.

Springs in a car suspension are also crucial for maintaining the standard height of the vehicle, promoting optimum handling and alignment. All these features help in promoting a comfortable drive. Examples of springs in suspensions include the coil springs, torsion bar springs, and the leaf springs.

Whew, crisis averted indeed! Here’s my process: when I remove a wheel, in addition to the star wrench or impact gun, I place six things on the floor of the garage – five lug nuts and a torque wrench (with the appropriate socket). I do not walk away from the reinstalled wheel until I’ve used that torque wrench to ensure the lugs are cinched down to spec. I do not put the torque wrench away until I’m positive that all wheels that’ve been removed have been sufficiently tightened. Since I started this tactic 50 years or so ago, I’ve never lost so much as a lug nut (and I see them often alongside the road – especially fancy chrome ones from expensive wheels).

Believing the rumble was coming from the left front bearing, I intentionally began with the right one to get a baseline. I jacked up that corner, spun the wheel, verified that the bearing was quiet, grabbed it at 6 and 12, and verified that it was play-free.

But then I had a thought—it was possible, though incredibly unlikely, that the problem could be loose lug nuts. After all, it was only a few weeks before that I’d swapped the car’s winter wheels for the summer ones. But, as I described in the wheel-fell-off article, for years I’ve been absolutely religious in my use of a torque wrench every single time a wheel is installed. I grabbed a half-inch ratchet handle and a 17mm socket and quickly checked the left front wheel’s lug nuts.

I have no idea how this happened. Due to the odd configuration of my garage, when I swap wheels, I’ll usually pull one end of the car in the garage at a time, jack it up, swap both wheels, let it down, torque down the nuts on both wheels and inflate both tires to the correct pressure, pull the car out, spin it around, and do the other end. I don’t know if, between doing the back and the front, I got interrupted by a phone call, or if this was some artifact of the fact that I make accommodations for working with a back injury in many ways, which may include stopping when I feel sore.

When I removed the E39 wagon’s old bearings, I was very surprised at the degree to which the Loctite on the old bolts sneered at my impact wrench and fought me every thread of the way. I needed to use a four-foot pipe on the end of a 3/4-inch breaker bar and grinch it off a sixth of a turn at a time, repeating this for each of the four bolts on both sides. I was exhausted by the time I was done. I made a mental note that this was a part I was unlikely to replace again if it wasn’t obviously bad.

The biggest determining factor in the usage of snow tire is consistent low temperatures. The compounds are different and snow tires have more traction on dry surfaces once the temperature gets within swinging distance of freezing. Studs are illegal in many places and aren’t required to have effective winter tires (they help ice, but that’s where their advantages end).

Still, it seems that I need to be reminded of that one just about every time I lift a wrench, so I’m certainly not casting a stone.

Machining operations, particularly milling, are suitable for fabricating suspension arms, strut bars, and knuckle arms. Even as it creates these parts, maintaining high dimensional accuracy, it maintains tight tolerance specifications and creates them with excellent surface finishing., with less demand for post-processing operations.

Forcing refers to the manufacturing method that aids in creating metal parts by reshaping them under high compressional or impact force. It is suitable for creating robust and highly durable components, such as the anti-roll bar, control arms, and specific linkages. The process fabricates parts with enhanced strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance, making it a suitable technique for manufacturing components that experience high stress and loads, such as suspension.

Various methods are suitable for manufacturing components of a car suspension system. The method selected for each part depends on the compatibility in manufacturing the specific components.

I think maybe you haven’t driven on modern snow tires, studded or studless. There’s never any vibration from modern snow tires, as long as they’re balanced properly, just like any other modern tire. Snow tires are made for stopping, turning, and going. If you only put them on your rear wheels they aren’t going to help you stop nor turn nearly as well as if you put them on all 4.

The other one is to ensure the car remains connected to the road at all times, preventing the effects of external forces from taking the car off the road, regardless of the driving conditions, this refers to the anti-roll or stabilizing effect of the suspension.

Not snow tires, winter tires. And yes, I put 4 of them on my Boxster each November and pull them off in March or April. Not much point in being able to go if you can’t turn or stop.

This rod is usually placed between the vehicle’s axle and the main car body, where it performs its function. In addition, it acts as a horizontal link to other suspension parts, controlling lateral (side-to-side) movement. This lateral sway contributes to the overall stability of the car.

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The car suspension includes the upper and lower ball joints, which function as a unit, aiding the lubrication of the points that run against each other. Therefore, it is important to ensure proper lubrication to ensure the efficiency of this component.

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This gets into the issue of “hard” versus “soft” failures. In a piece a while back, I made the distinction between “hard failures”—things like fuel pumps that pretty much either work or they don’t and instantly drag the car to the breakdown lane when it’s the latter—and “soft failures”—things that give you a lot of warning before they disable the car. The “soft failure” example I gave was the charging system. If the alternator or regulator goes bad and triggers the battery light, you can get many miles down the road—certainly off the highway, maybe even to a repair shop—before there’s not enough juice to fire the spark plugs.

I took the torque wrench and snugged down the nuts to the required 88 ft-lbs. Then, to quickly be certain this was the only problem, I jacked up the wheel again, spun it, and did the 6-and-12 push-pull. Noise and play gone.

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The casting is an old manufacturing process; however, because of its cost-effectiveness, it’s still in use today. Moreover, it retains the structural integrity of the casted parts, even when creating intricate structures that require high precision.

This article gives a detailed overview of different suspension parts, their function, and the manufacturing methods for making these structures.

I’m not sure where you live, but many states don’t allow snow tires with studs, because of the damage to the roads. But on the subject of 2 vs 4 snow tires, when my wife got her first Prius, many years ago, the all season tires it had were absolutely useless in snow. So I ordered up a pair of dedicated snow tires from an online vendor. They CALLED me, saying they wouldn’t sell me just two tires, they needed to be on all 4 wheels, the traction differential was that great. I’ve never been without dedicated snow tires since then, the car will go just about anywhere in snow – and it is just front wheel drive.

Also I have forgotten to tighten lug nuts at least once in my driving career and that wheel will make one helluva racket and vibration before anything bad happens – although I still recommend double-checking the tightness

Optimus, you would not want snow tyres on the front of a rear wheel drive car because the studs would cause you to loose traction on dry pavement. Second snow tyres with their aggressive tread would cause a vibration in the steering of the car, similar to the mudder tyres on off-road vehicles. So no on a two wheel drive rear wheel drive car you do not want snow tyres on the front unless you live in an are where the snow stays on the roads from late fall to late spring.

Dec 13, 2021 — Worn-out wheel bearings will cause your steering wheel to vibrate. It'll begin at slow speeds and get worse as you accelerate.

The torsion bar is a typical suspension design present on the front end of a car, directly linked to the frame. It is a good choice for different vehicle types, including heavy-duty trucks and off-road vehicles. The torsion bar is a long rod featuring a robust and durable spring on either end, allowing energy absorption and distribution. Sometimes, these torsion bars may serve as parts of the spring elements in a suspension system.

The bumper is a special component of the car suspension system, it acts as an additional part, consisting of bounding and rebounding. They often offer protective functions for the axle, car frame, and shock absorber.

About 10 years ago, I replaced the front wheel bearings in a 1999 BMW E39 528i wagon I owned. They weren’t rumbling, but I was doing a front-end refresh including struts and control arms. I learned that the front wheel bearings on this car are a completely different design than on the older BMWs I’d had—they’re part of an assembly that bolts directly to the steering knuckle and has the hub directly integrated with it. That is, there’s no banging out or pressing in of bearings. The whole thing bolts on, and the wheel bolts directly to it. I also learned that access to the upper bolts is impinged on by the bottom of the strut assembly, so if you’re replacing the struts, it’s a good time to refresh the bearings. So I did.

The process involves injecting a molten material, usually plastic or composite, into a pre-made mold cavity where it forms the components’ desired shape. It allows the creation of these bumpers in different sizes, shapes, and design specifications. Also, it is a cost-effective method for fabricating lightweight but high-strengthened parts.

Rear suspensionprice

Glad to read that the last lug nut didn’t come loose. I swap studded snow tires on and off each year on three cars; two of mine and my sister’s car. Having lug nuts come loose is something that gives me concern each year, but god forbid that it happen to my sister. So I usually go around each car TWICE with the torque wrench to make sure I haven’t overlooked one wheel. The lug nut torque spec on my sister’s car is 115 ft-lbs (’20 Grand Cherokee), so I hope she never has to change a flat tire – she lives two hours away.

Considering 70% of your braking is done with the front wheels, along with 100% of your steering, I’d consider 4-corner winters “vital” equipment.

The other thing to check for is bearing play. The time-honored method is to jack up the car, set it on stands, grab the wheel at 6 o’clock and 12 o’clock, and push-pull-rock it back and forth. If you grab it at 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock, play can be due to a loose wheel bearing, but on a front wheel, it can also be due to anything in the steering chain. Play at 6 and 12 can generally only come from a wheel bearing.

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CNC machining is the go-to manufacturing process for various automotive car parts, including suspension components. The method involves using computer codes to control the movement of machines as they cut through a block of material. The process allows the creation of highly precise parts, making it a popular manufacturing method.

Next, I checked the right front wheel. I was horrified to find that its lug nuts, while not loose, hadn’t been torqued down.

I’m not sure about the wheel bearings giving you a warning. Years ago I was driving to college on the highway at ~65 MPH in my 84 Audi Coupe GT and it felt a little vague. I moved the wheel back and forth a little to see if it was just in my mind and the back right dropped, my brakes were hitting the ground. The back wheel had fallen off due to a bad bearing. Never made any noise or vibration. The weight was so far forward on that car that it went for a while without the back ever dropping with no tire. I never did find the wheel or tire, could have been gone for miles.

I’m convinced it was that one snug nut that saved me. Had that one loosened up, I would have had only a brief window before all hell broke loose like I’d experienced before.

So, yeah, the symptoms of a bad wheel bearing are still a rumble that varies with speed, and wheel bearing play is still discernible by doing the 6-and-12 push-pull-rock thing. But when a rumble first appears, stop and check your lug nuts. If you don’t, a wheel bearing’s “soft failure” can turn hard in the quickest and most dangerous way imaginable.

The design of an independent suspension system allows for more precise and accurate alignment of the wheel, promoting better handling, particularly at high driving speeds. However, this system is usually more expensive because of the increased manufacturing complexity.

The output shaft seal of the transmission, like all vehicle seals, may look simple but is a very important component of the car. It is an elastic polymer ring, ...

Unlike the dependent system, the independent suspension system is the go-to design for most modern vehicles, including sophisticated ones. Each wheel connects to a particular spring, solid axle, or shock absorber, allowing independent movement of each wheel minimizing impact on the opposite wheel.

Metal casting includes manufacturing processes like sand casting and die casting. The process is suitable for manufacturing suspension components like lateral control and knuckle arms. The metal casting process typically involves heating the specified metal ingots into molten form before pouring them into pre-designed molds featuring the desired component’s shape.

It’s not the acceleration traction that becomes an issue with only 2 snow tires on the ground. It’s the DE-celeration. If braking hard ( like in, fer’ instance, trying to save yourself from sudden death in a panic stop) the two snow tires have appropriate grip, the all season ones don’t and will continue to slide their merry way into oversteer or understeer depending on your car (and situation). It is thus EXTREMELY dangerous to only mount two snow tires. It’s what us in the Rocky Mountains call a “Very Bad Idea”

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But there’s another lesson to be learned here as well: “Look for the easiest and cheapest fixes first (even if it can’t POSSIBLY be that)!”

Car suspension parts refer to the system of tires, springs, shock absorbers, and linkages connecting the vehicle to its wheels. This system is essential for the interaction between the tires and the road surface and the eventual movement of the car.

The first four items are fairly universal across makes and models, as well as on newer versus vintage cars. A dead fuel pump or alternator is about as likely to strand you on a 10-year-old car as on one built with Lyndon Johnson was in office. Ignition systems became enormously more reliable once points went away, but the crankshaft position sensors on which modern ignition systems rely on can fail. Cooling systems on newer cars are generally much better designed for real-world heat extremes than those on old cars, but modern plastic cooling system components have a far shorter lifetime than their old metal counterparts. Modern serpentine belts automatically stay tight, but when the belt tensioners fail, everything comes to a screeching smoking rubbery halt.