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This blog aims to demystify the concept of radial load, how to calculate it, highlighting its importance and its impact on motor bearing sizing, providing valuable perspectives for engineers, designers, and other industry professionals in pursuit of optimal system functionality.

Driving with bad wheel bearings impacts the safety of a vehicle, and it could cause a serious car accident. We do not advise driving on them when they fail and recommend getting them checked out as soon as possible. Bad wheel bearings can damage things like your hub, the vehicle’s constant velocity joint (CV joint), or the automatic transmission.

Bad wheel bearings can cause the steering wheel to vibrate. The intensity increases as the vehicle speed increases and the vehicle turns to the left or right. However, the vibration could be linked to an out-of-round tire (there could be a flat spot on the tire) or a tire that is no longer balanced. Another cause is damaged or worn suspension components.

Total Dynamic Load = Imbalance Force + External Load Variation + Misalignment Force + Thermal Expansion Force + Vibration Force

Misalignment can be measured using alignment tools. Translating misalignment to dynamic radial force often requires specialized tools or software, as it involves complex calculations based on alignment data, motor and equipment specifications.

The original equipment bearings on your vehicle are engineered for specific loads. Those bigger and wider tires look cool, as do tires with lower tread walls. But they place higher loads on the wheel bearings, possibly resulting in accelerated wear. That could present a safety issue if your wheel bearings fail.

Think of the shaft system as a statically defined beam bolstered by bearings. The load on this shaft system gets evenly dispersed among its supporting bearings, as seen with bearings A and B in the illustration.

Technicians can check for wheel wobble by putting the vehicle on a lift and manually checking for wheel movement. Typically, it would be impossible to shake the wheel and tire. However, if it moves, the hub assembly needs immediate attention. The tire and wheel can literally come off the vehicle at any time, at any speed, if you don’t repair your vehicle.

Bearing loadcalculation

Every bearing type has specific dynamic (for moving loads) and static (for stationary loads) capacity ratings. Ensure the chosen bearing can handle the calculated loads without risk of premature wear or failure.

The cost to replace one front-wheel hub assembly varies widely. Among the variables are the vehicle brand and model, the garage’s labor rate, and the cost of parts. The average out-the-door wheel bearing replacement cost without taxes is about $350 per wheel.

If there's any external equipment mounted on the shaft (e.g., pulleys, gears), calculate their weight and how it's distributed along the shaft.

Bearings may need to be sealed or shielded if exposed to contaminants. Likewise, the choice of bearing lubricants can impact bearing longevity and should match the operational temperature and environment.

The anti-lock warning light may illuminate if the ring, tire, and wheel wobble, the wheel’s speed sensor is no longer operating properly, and the ABS may operate sporadically or not at all. See a professional for repair.

Radial loadexample

Wheel bearings are theoretically engineered to last the life of the vehicle. There is no maintenance schedule for replacing wheel bearings, and there is no constant source of lubrication. However, they can be damaged, leading to failure.

Radial load refers to the perpendicular force exerted on the shaft of a motor. This force is predominantly influenced by various components such as gears, belts, and pulleys interacting with the motor shaft. These components, along with external forces they might encounter, contribute significantly to the overall radial load on the motor.

If one tire wears out faster than the others, it could be a sign that the wheel bearings are worn. However, it also could be a sign the tire is improperly inflated (too much air pressure or not enough), the tires are improperly aligned, or the vehicle has damaged or worn suspension components.

If you hear a clicking sound that increases in frequency as the vehicle accelerates, there could be a problem with the wheel hub assembly.

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The expected life of a bearing, often given in terms of "L10 life," describes how long a bearing is expected to last before showing signs of fatigue. Use formulas like the one below to match your motor's expected operational life to a bearing with a suitable L10 life:

Bearingaxialloadcalculation

However, luxury cars are more expensive to repair. Do note that if bearings go bad at one wheel, replacing the bearings at the other wheel on the same axle is unnecessary. Don’t let someone talk you into work that is not needed. Get the price estimate for wheel bearing replacement for your make and model of car.

Your vehicle will signal that it’s time to replace a failed wheel bearing. For example, if you hear unusual sounds like humming or clicking, then your bearing might be bad. Watch out and listen for these signs and symptoms:

Worn bearings may cause a vehicle to pull to the left or right when brakes are applied. The direction the vehicle pulls signals where the worn bearings are located, on the left or right side of the vehicle. However, this can also signal brake rotor or brake caliper problems.

Editor’s Note: This article has been updated for accuracy since it was originally published. Rick Kranz contributed to this report.

In this story, we’ll tell you quick facts to know, such as what causes a bad wheel bearing, how long you can drive on one, and the estimated replacement cost of a wheel bearing as you maintain your vehicle.

Axialload bearing

Wheel bearings connect a car’s wheels to the axles. They allow wheels to turn with minimal friction. Though wheel bearings are low-maintenance parts, they are important safety components of a vehicle’s braking, steering, and suspension systems. The one-piece hub assembly, between the drive axle and the brake disc or drums, incorporates the hub, wheel bearings, ABS (anti-lock braking system) wheel speed sensor, and mounting flange.

Identify the range of operational speeds the motor will work within. Some bearings are better suited for high-speed operations, while others are designed for slower, high-torque scenarios.

Radial loadformula

Most vehicles today use sealed hub bearing assemblies that contain roller bearings. While we don’t address these, older cars used tapered roller bearings, which required servicing and preload adjusting to ensure the right amount of end play or axial clearance.

After determining the radial load, match the life expectancy of the customer according to the speed and load and select the bearing type.

The most easily identifiable and common symptom of bad wheel bearings is audible. But it can be confusing. For example, the source of a humming noise can be linked to other issues, such as tires and the CV joint.

The radial load varies based on the "distance from the gearhead output shaft's end." This distance signifies the gap between the shaft's end and the location where force is exerted on the shaft (the load's installation point). As the distance from the shaft's end grows, the permissible radial load also rises. This is because the load moves nearer to the internal support bearing within the gearhead flange. When the load is positioned closer to the support bearing, which acts as the fulcrum, it can bear more weight.

Radialand axialloadonbearing

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If there is excessive play in the steering, meaning the steering seems less responsive or less precise than normal, worn bearings could be causing the problem. Also, this could be a sign the vehicle needs a wheel alignment. If you have any of the signs listed above, visit a dealer service or auto repair shop.

“The good news is most of the time, a vehicle will let you know way before a failure ever happens,” said Gary Hardesty, Kelley Blue Book’s in-house service and maintenance expert and an A.S.E. certified master technician. “The key is to listen to your car. Most times, a failing wheel bearing will exhibit a growling type of noise that changes with vehicle speed. The faster the car (goes), the faster the frequency of the growl.”

Hardesty cautions that if you think something is wrong, don’t wait to get it diagnosed: “The longer you wait, the more it will cost as other components may be damaged by a wheel bearing.”

How to calculateradial loadonbearing

Sum up all individual dynamic loads. Note that some might be oscillatory, so you'd be looking for peak values or RMS (Root Mean Square) values for combined loads.

The bearings are tightly packed in a grease-filled, waterproof, sealed metal ring. This housing, called a race, is located inside the hub, and each wheel has one. Wheel bearings have a Herculean responsibility: They are engineered to support the vehicle’s entire weight.

Radial loadvs axialload

Understanding radial load is paramount in motor bearing sizing, ensuring efficiency and longevity. Accurate calculations are crucial, guiding proper motor selection tailored to specific operational requirements. For those seeking expertise in this arena, LILY Bearing stands as a trusted resource, offering a comprehensive range of bearing solutions to meet diverse industrial needs.

The rotor's weight exerts a static load. Use the weight of the rotor (often provided by the manufacturer or can be measured) and consider its distribution along the shaft.

Imagine driving on the freeway when the left front tire and wheel suddenly break off, sending your out-of-control vehicle skidding across several lanes of 65 mph traffic. This is not an exaggeration. This is reality, and can happen if you fail to notice the signs the wheel bearings are deteriorating and need immediate repairs. Your wheel bearing might be bad if you hear unusual sounds like humming, squeaking, or clicking. Some experts say a bad wheel bearing can sound like a bird chirping. Also, if your car wobbles or pulls to one side, you will want to get it checked.

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Motor bearing sizing is paramount to the functionality and longevity of a motor. Choosing the right bearing ensures efficient motor operation, while the wrong choice can lead to performance issues, premature wear, and even motor failure. Before selecting the appropriate size for motor bearings, it's essential to ascertain the motor load and associated bearing loads. Subsequently, determine the expected lifespan based on speed and load to choose the right bearing. Notably, gauging the radial load on the bearing is a pivotal step in this process.

If the motor is driving equipment where the load varies (like reciprocating pumps), you'd use performance curves or direct measurements to determine the dynamic component of the load.

If the bearings are preloaded during assembly to remove any free play, this preload is a static force. Preload values should be provided in assembly documentation or can be measured using specialized equipment.

The typical sounds of worn-out wheel bearings are squealing and/or growling. The sound intensifies as vehicle speed increases. Try to pinpoint the location of the noise because it will identify the location of the worn-out bearings.

bearing