First, you need to create the interpolation function and enter the data for h vs. θ, also called the follower rise function. Thanks to the flexibility of the COMSOL® software, one can directly import the follower rise function. After importing the follower rise function, the cam surface can be generated using the parametric curve. For this, one needs to first determine the base circle radius and then express the radius that depends upon the follower rise function and base circle radius. The parametric form is similar to that of a circle; the only difference in this case is that the radius is a function of θ. To do this in COMSOL Multiphysics, one can use the interpolated function to create the follower rise function and further use them under the parametric curve to define the value of r (the radius of the cam surface). Usually, the data is a piecewise curve, so it is good practice to create different profile curves for each section of outstroke, upstroke, and dwell. Finally, you use the Convert to solid option to generate the cam profile.

You can see that the acceleration values are negative in the range of 60° to 120° of cam rotation. This is the region where the follower has a tendency to leave the contact with the cam profile, which depends on the valve spring stiffness value for a given camshaft RPM. By plotting the connection force vs. cam rotation, you can check which spring ensures continuous contact. The contact force sign convention is positive if the cam and follower are no longer in contact, while the negative value shows that the contact is still maintained.

To avoid having car owners overpaying and get a fair price for a wheel bearing replacement, we use real-time data of thousands of car makes and model data, local labour prices for wheel bearing repairs and replacements and part prices to provide an instant fair quote. Simply enter your vehicle registration number and postcode to get an instant price for a wheel bearing replacement for your car.

The best practice is to replace all four wheel bearings at the same time or at the very least should be replaced in pairs, ie front or rear. This ensures that all four bearings are the same age and have been through the same amount of wear and tear. Additionally, if one wheel bearing needs to be replaced, the other three are likely to need replacement fairly soon. You can, of course, choose to replace one at a time but it’s not advisable and is often not the most economical choice in the long run.

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When the rotary motion of the cam is converted into oscillatory motion, the configuration is known as a rotating cam and oscillatory follower.

A plot of the follower rise as a function of the cam rotation, after performing a simulation with the generated cam profile.

Unless you are a qualified mechanic with the required skills, training and equipment to do the job, we strongly recommend a wheel bearing replacement is only carried out by a professional mechanic. ClickMechanic can help get you a vetted and local mechanic to carry out the work. Just enter your postcode and your car's registration number at the top of this page and select the work needed to get an instant fixed price up front.

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For our example, let’s consider a spring-loaded valve-opening mechanism that has a rocker arm and a radial cam. In this mechanism, the cam rotation is prescribed and a spring is attached to the valve to restrict its motion.

Ultimately, the time that the job will take will depend on a number of factors, like your vehicle's make and model, year, as well as other factors. Select your car at the top of this page for information on job time and cost for your vehicle through ClickMechanic.

In COMSOL Multiphysics, the constraint is defined on the vector d such that its magnitude in the normal direction of the closest point on the cam surface is equal to the offset value.

A wheel bearing replacement is a complex job that requires automotive repair skills and specialised tools as it involves working with a vehicle's suspension, braking, and steering components.

The average cost of replacing a wheel bearing is £175, with prices ranging from £120 and £300. The cost will vary depending on whether the front or rear or if all of the wheel bearings need replacing. In some cases, if the faulty wheel bearings have caused additional damage to other parts of the suspension or transmission, then the necessary parts will need to be replaced which could affect the overall cost of the repair. The exact price of the wheel bearing replacement depends largely on your car and the parts recommended by the manufacturer.

Replacing wheel bearings is definitely worth it to extend the life of your tyres and other suspension components. You can replace all 4 bearings or just the one if needed.

When working with multibody systems, you may need to model a mechanism that transfers motion from one component to another. The mechanism used to implement this behavior, known as a cam-follower mechanism, plays an important role in many applications, including internal combustion engines, printing control mechanisms, textile weaving machines, and valves. You can easily model this type of mechanism with the Cam-Follower feature in the COMSOL® software. Let’s take a look at this feature in detail.

A front wheel bearing replacement on average takes just over 1 hour, but can take anywhere from under 1 hour to 2 hours. This is because replacing front wheel bearings tends to be a bit more time-consuming than replacing rear wheel bearings as it may require removal and reassembly of additional car parts. A rear wheel bearing replacement takes on average under 1 hour but can range from under 1 hour to 2 hours.

Cam-follower mechanisms are categorized based on the input and output motion of their configurations. The different types of cam-follower mechanisms are described below.

If a wheel bearing starts to fail, it will make a grinding or growling noise while the vehicle is in motion. This noise will usually get louder as the bearing wears down. In some cases, the noise can be similar to that of brakes grinding. Once a wheel bearing fails, it must be replaced as soon as possible to avoid further damage to the suspension system.

Usually, the active component is called the cam and the passive component is called the follower, but in the COMSOL® software, this feature is built in such a way that you can model both components as either active or passive.

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In this case, both the cam and follower exhibit translational motion. This means that the motion to the follower is due to the profile height of the cam.

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When a follower moves along a guide while a cam rotates, the motion is categorized as a rotating cam and translating follower. This is further categorized based on the motion of the follower. If the motion is along the axis passing through the center of rotation of the cam, then it is called a radial inline follower, whereas if the motion is along an offset from the axis, it is called a radial offset follower.

Wheel bearings are important components of a car's suspension system. They allow the wheels to rotate smoothly and with little friction. Wheel bearings typically last around 80,000 miles, but they can start to wear down sooner if the car is driven in harsh conditions or if the suspension is not maintained and serviced as needed.

Your location can also be a key factor in determining the price of a wheel bearing replacement. For example, average hourly labour rates and demand in cities like London is around £50-£100 while in towns with lower demand, the labour rates can range from £35-£50. The type of mechanic, for example, a mobile mechanic vs a dealership garage technician can also affect the total cost of a wheel bearing replacement.

Here, the position of point (c) is computed using the center of rotation of the rigid body and it also serves as the origin for the body-fixed coordinate system.

Note: The Cam-Follower feature also requires the Multibody Dynamics Module, an add-on to the Structural Mechanics Module.

The Structural Mechanics Module contains advanced tools for mechanical analyses. See what other types of analysis are possible by clicking the button below.

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As the common contact point is not fixed with respect to the bodies (A) and (B), a constraint needs to be defined between the two bodies to maintain continuous contact.

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Over time, a damaged wheel bearing can affect your car’s steering, as the weight of the bearings, or any defects in the race can cause your wheels to not sit level with the road. This can lead to uneven and premature tyre wear, and your car behaving unpredictably when turning corners. Once the problem has been diagnosed, a wheel bearing replacement should be carried out as soon as possible. * Mechanic will loosen the lug nuts of the wheel where the bearing has been affected and remove the wheel * Mechanic will remove the brake disc and caliper if needed * Mechanic will remove the hub nut holding the wheel bearings assembly * Mechanic will press out old/ damaged bearing * Area will be inspected, cleaned and new wheel bearing will be installed * Mechanic will reinstall all parts as required

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From the above image, it is clear that the radius (r) and follower height (h) are functions of the angle of rotation and the follower rise function is simply a difference of cam profile from the base circle. The relation between them is defined as follows:

If possible, use a fine mesh on a cam boundary to improve the accuracy of the mesh normal used in the Cam-Follower connection node.

Variation of the cam-follower connection force with cam rotation (left) and torque required to rotate the cam shaft (right) for different values of the valve spring stiffness.

With the default settings, the cam and follower will always remain in contact, which means that no chattering is allowed. To model intermittent contact, the Activation Conditions feature under the Cam-Follower joint type can be used. In addition, the cam and follower can both be modeled as rigid or flexible components.

The follower velocity first increases when the follower comes in contact with the opening flank region of the cam profile. Later, it decreases and becomes zero at the tip of the nose region. Similarly, it increases in the reverse direction and becomes zero when the follower comes in contact with the heal region of the cam profile. In COMSOL Multiphysics, the joint’s velocity and acceleration sign convention is decided based on the specified axis of the joint. It will be positive if the destination attachment is moving along the positive direction of the axis of the joint. For this case, the joint axis is defined along the z-axis, so the velocity is positive when the follower is moving upward and vice versa.

It is recommended that you do not drive with a damaged wheel bearing. Continuing to drive is not only extremely dangerous but can also cause extensive damage to the hub, axle and other associated parts.

More noticeable at low speeds, a broken wheel bearing will cause vibrations which are typically coupled with a grinding sound.

There are cases in which the cam is stationary and the follower traces the profile of the cam. This type of arrangement is classified as a stationary cam and moving follower.

One problem with cam design is to determine the cam profile suitable to generate the desired motion of follower. In COMSOL Multiphysics, one can easily create a geometry based on the follower rise function. The follower rise function is defined as the displacement of the follower with change in the cam rotation. The first step is to derive the radius as a function of the follower rise function. This relationship can be established using the analytical approach if the follower rise function is preknown. The analytical approach is quite simpler than the graphical approach of creating the cam surface, because the follower rise function is usually a combination of different elementary functions. Also, in a few cases, the desired output motion of follower is already known so it became simple to generate a cam profile from the known follower rise function.

Out of the four valve stiffness values, only 20 kN/m and 30 kN/m can enforce a continuous contact between the cam and follower. To choose the optimal value of valve stiffness, we can look at the required torque plot. It can be observed in this plot that the required torque is less for a value of 20 kN/m, hence this is the optimal value of the valve stiffness among the values considered in this analysis.

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If a wheel bearing becomes faulty, it will usually make a grinding noise that will become louder as the vehicle moves faster. The vehicle may also feel like it is shaking, the noise may also vary in pitch as you turn the steering and travel around corners. When you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to get it inspected as soon as possible as continuing to drive can be dangerous and cause further damage to the vehicle.

In order to get a smoother surface representation, it is useful to increase the shape function order for the displacement to Quadratic. This applies both when the cam is rigid and when it is flexible.

To understand the formulation, let’s take a look at an example of a cam and roller configuration in which both the cam and roller have been modeled as rigid components. For a rigid body, a point on the body can be located from the origin of a body-fixed (local) coordinate system (X, Y) by \vec{s}. Since the point is fixed to the body, the elements of the vector are constant in the body-fixed coordinate system, while in the global coordinate system, they vary with the rotation. The transformation from a local to global orientation is represented in terms of the rotation matrices.

There are many ways to transform one type of motion into another. The variety of the cam-follower mechanism is limited only by your own imagination. For example, you can use a combination of the above configurations to generate a combined effect. A few common examples are barrel cams and end cams, which are used to convert rotary motion into translational and oscillatory motion.

Let’s take a simple example to illustrate this concept. Consider a simple knife edge radial follower with a known follower rise and a cam angle rotation. The rise function is such that there is outstroke during 60° of cam rotation, dwell for the next 30° of cam rotation, return stroke during the next 60° of cam rotation, and dwell for the remaining 210° of cam rotation.

The Cam-Follower joint type, available with the Multibody Dynamics Module as of COMSOL Multiphysics® software version 5.3a, is used to model applications in which a point follows a surface. In other words, the contact is unique and occurs at a single point.

If you hear a grinding or growling noise coming from the wheels, these are signs that your wheel bearings need to be replaced.

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In order to ensure that the point on the follower always follows the specified cam surface, an offset from the cam boundary is defined such that the gap distance is always zero. The implementation of these constraints follows this procedure:

The cases in which the motion of the follower is a combination of different types of analytical expressions, such as uniform motion, parabolic motion, simple harmonic motion, cycloidal motion, or general polynomial motion. In these cases, the cam profile can be easily created using the Analytic Function feature with a combination of different motions for the full cam rotation. The analytic function allows a symbolic expression, so you can directly write it as a function of θ.

Now, if the follower rise function is known, the variation of the radius (r) will represent a circle for each value of θ. So, it will give a family of curves. In order to generate the cam profile, we need to plot the envelope of the curves. This can be easily done in COMSOL Multiphysics using the Parametric Curve option.

The Equation and Sketch for the Cam-Follower feature in COMSOL Multiphysics with the add-on Structural Mechanics Module and Multibody Dynamics Module.

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One of the main objectives behind mounting the spring on the valve is to force the follower to follow the cam profile and to avoid intermittent contacts between the cam and follower. Hence, the optimal value of the valve spring stiffness should enforce the contact between the cam and follower at all times, while simultaneously requiring the least torque to rotate the cam shaft.