Black-Scholes (Equation 1) is a mathematical model that seeks to explain the behavior of financial derivatives, most commonly options:

In addition to the compact syntax for the most common uses of float cross-references, you can also define float cross-references with a div syntax. Use the div syntax when you need more flexibility in the content of your cross-reference, for example, to have a video be referenced as a figure. Basic examples of the div syntax are included in the sections below, but you can find more complicated examples in Cross-Reference Div Syntax.

As described on the Overview above, this is the markdown used to create a cross-referenceable figure and then refer to it:

If you’re driving on the highway and a wheel breaks off, it’s because a wheel bearing failed. What are the signs of a bad wheel bearing, and what can you do about it? Here, we explore wheel bearings, including what they are, how they work, and how to tell if they’re about to fall off.

To create a cross-reference to a figure using div syntax, create a fenced div with an id starting with fig-, include the image followed by the caption inside the div:

Note that cross reference identifiers must start with their type (e.g. fig- or tbl-). So the identifier #fig-elephant is valid for a cross-reference but the identifiers #elephant and #elephant-fig are not.

You may want to create a figure composed of multiple subfigures. To do this, enclose the figures in a div (with its own label and caption) and give each subfigure its own label and (optionally) caption. You can then refer to either the entire figure in a reference or a single subfigure:

Cross referenceWord

If the code cell produces a figure or table, you can combine the lst- options with label and fig-cap/tbl-cap to create cross references to both the code and output:

As with theorems you can optionally include a heading as the first element of the div (or a name attribute) to give the environment a caption for typesetting (this typically appears in parentheses after the environment title).

Should you invest the time and money required to have your vehicle’s suspension lowered? It’s a question that many drivers never even think about. Before you make the decision to proceed with lowering your vehicle’s suspension, consider the options and understand the pros and cons that a lowered suspension entails. Why Get a […]

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The amount of miles your vehicle can endure will depend on how extensive the damage is and the conditions on the road. If you’re concerned about replacement costs, note that the average estimate for a replacement is about $350 for each bearing.

The best advice is to head to your nearest auto shop that offers wheel repair and replacement services. If you’re on the road, slow down steadily and avoid turning rapidly. If you drive long distances on a bad wheel bearing, you’ll eventually lose control of the vehicle, and the wheel will stop suddenly.

Note that the capitalized syntax makes no difference for the default output, but would indeed capitalize the first letter if the default prefix had been changed via an option to use lower case (e.g. “fig.”).

To cross-reference code from an executable code block, add the code cell options lst-label and lst-cap. The option lst-label provides the cross reference identifier and must begin with the prefix lst- to be treated as a code listing. The value of lst-cap provides the caption for the code listing. For example:

The examples on this page all use the default syntax for inline references (e.g. @fig-elephant), which results in the reference text “Figure 1”, “Table 1”, etc.

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Keep in mind that wheel bearings are not the same as engine bearings, as there is no constant source of lubrication for wheel bearings. This means they must be tight enough to keep water and road dust out. They also support the entire vehicle weight while driving, so they endure abuse from rough roads and potholes, as well as lateral forces when turning.

You may want to create a composition of several sub-tables. To do this, create a div with a main identifier, then apply sub-identifiers (and optional caption text) to the contained tables. For example:

A wheel bearing is a set of steel balls held together in a metal ring called a race. The race is located inside the hub, and each wheel has one. At the center of the wheel is a hollow piece of metal called a hub. The wheel bearings fit tightly inside this hub and ride on a metal axle shaft, helping reduce friction when the wheel spins.

These syntax variations work not only for Figures, but for all cross-referenceable elements in Quarto such as Tables, Equations, Theorems, and so on.

The reserved prefixes are: fig, tbl, lst, tip, nte, wrn, imp, cau, thm, lem, cor, prp, cnj, def, exm, exr, sol, rem, eq, sec.

Tire balancing is an important component of your routine automotive maintenance schedule. Like changing the oil, balancing the tires is something that vehicle owners are encouraged to do several times throughout the course of the year. This is also something you’ll want to make sure to have done by automotive service professionals. There are […]

Theorems are commonly used in articles and books in mathematics. To include a reference-able theorem, create a div with a #thm- label (or one of other theorem-type labels described below). You also need to specify a theorem name either via the first heading in the block. You can include any content you like within the div. For example:

Unless you are creating a cross-reference, avoid using the reserved cross-reference prefixes for code cell labels (e.g. set using the label code cell option) and element IDs (set using a # in an attribute).

You can also create multiple tables within a code cell and reference them as subtables. To do this, add a tbl-subcap option with an array of subcaptions. For example:

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You can also define custom types of float cross-reference to reference elements beyond figures, tables and code listings. Read more at Custom Float Cross-References.

Note that subfigure reference labels are created automatically based on the main chunk label (e.g. @fig-plots-1, @fig-plots-2, etc.).

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To cross-reference a callout, add an ID attribute that starts with the appropriate callout prefix (see Table 1). You can then reference the callout using the usual @ syntax. For example, here we add the ID #tip-example to the callout, and then refer back to it:

If you’d like subfigure captions that include only an identifier, e.g. “(a)”, and not a text caption, then specify fig-subcap: true rather than providing explicit subcaption text:

If you notice signs of a bad wheel bearing, visit your nearest Meineke location. Once you bring your vehicle to us, we’ll perform a thorough diagnosis to honestly determine if a replacement is necessary.

There are a number of options that can be used to further customize the treatment of cross-references. See the guide on Cross Reference Options for additional details.

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Crossreferencing example

For markdown tables, add a caption below the table, then include a #tbl- label in braces at the end of the caption. For example:

You can also cross-reference tables created from code executed via computations. To do this, add the label and tbl-cap cell options. For example:

To create a cross-reference to a code listing using div syntax, create a fenced div with an id starting with lst-, include the code cell followed by the caption inside the div:

While most estimates suggest wheel bearings should last between 75,000 and 150,000 miles, the actual lifespan depends on:

To create a cross-reference to a table using div syntax, create a fenced div with an id starting with tbl-, include the table followed by the caption inside the div:

For LaTeX output the amsthm package is used to typeset these environments. For other formats a similar treatment is used, but you can further customizing this using CSS.

Most people are aware of the need for general car maintenance. It’s essential to take care of the basics, like regular oil changes and checking battery terminals for corrosion. But, getting an alignment is just as important. Many think it’s simply a minor irritation when your alignment starts to get off. The truth […]

If you need to generate a dynamic caption, instead of using the fig-cap or tbl-cap code cell option, combine inline code with the Cross-Reference Div Syntax.

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Figures produced by Jupyter and Knitr can also be cross-referenced. To do this, add a label and fig-cap option at the top of the code block. For example:

For LaTeX output, the amsthm package is used for typesetting theorems. For other formats an appropriate treatment is used (the above is an example of HTML output).

Note that when using section cross-references, you will also need to enable the number-sections option (so that section numbering is visible to readers). For example:

You already know your car cannot function safely without sturdy and properly fit wheels. A wheel is complex, and several components must be integrated for it to function safely—including the bearings.

For LaTeX / PDF output, you can use the raw LaTeX commands \listoffigures, \listoftables and \listoflistings to produce listings of all figures, tables, etc. within a document. You can use the lof-title, lot-title, and lol-title crossref options to customize the title of the listing.

If you want to know how to check for a bad wheel bearing, place your car on a jack stand, grip your hands on the 6 and 12 o’clock positions of the tire, and then spin the wheel to see if it wiggles. It’s also a great way to learn how to tell which wheel bearing is bad.

There are options available that control the text used for titles and references. For example, you could change “Figure 1” to read “Fig 1” or “fig. 1”. See the options documentation for details on how to customize the text used for cross-references.

The proof environment receives similar typesetting as theorems, however it is not numbered (and therefore cannot be cross-referenced). To create a proof add the .proof class to a div:

You can customize the appearance of inline references by either changing the syntax of the inline reference or by setting options. Here are the various ways to compose a cross-reference and their resulting output:

If you’d like subtable captions that include only an identifier, e.g. “(a)”, and not a text caption, then specify tbl-subcap: true rather than providing explicit subcaption text:

If you need to generate a dynamic caption, instead of using the fig-cap or tbl-cap code cell option, combine inline code with the Cross-Reference Div Syntax.

Figures, tables and code listings are known as “float” cross-references. Floats can appear in the rendered document at locations other than where they are defined, i.e. they float, and usually have captions.

The presence of the label (#fig-elephant) makes this figure referenceable. This enables you to use the following syntax to refer to it elsewhere in the document:

Cross-references make it easier for readers to navigate your document by providing numbered references and hyperlinks to various entities like figures and tables. Every cross-referenceable entity requires a label—a unique identifier prefixed with a cross-reference type e.g. #fig-element. For example, this is a cross-referenceable figure:

\[ \frac{\partial \mathrm C}{ \partial \mathrm t } + \frac{1}{2}\sigma^{2} \mathrm S^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} \mathrm C}{\partial \mathrm S^2} + \mathrm r \mathrm S \frac{\partial \mathrm C}{\partial \mathrm S}\ = \mathrm r \mathrm C \tag{1}\]

Note that we also used the layout-ncol attribute to specify a two-column layout. See the article on Figures for more details on laying out panels of figures.

Note again that cross-reference identifiers must start with their type (e.g. #fig-) and that cross-reference identifiers must be all lower case.

You can also create multiple figures within a code cell and reference them as subfigures. To do this use fig-cap for the main caption, and fig-subcap to provide an array of subcaptions. For example:

Quarto enables you to create cross-references to figures, tables, equations, sections, code listings, theorems, proofs, and more. Cross references can also be applied to dynamic output from Knitr and Jupyter.