Presence can lead to rapid oil degradation and loss of equipment life. It is particularly damaging for bearing lubrication. Water content is often measured by Karl Fischer titration test, which can check for all forms of water: dissolved, emulsified, and free. Crackle test & FT-IR may be used as screening tests for water content. Water content is tested for all UOA samples and is usually expressed as a percentage.

Measuring the number of particles in the lubricant sample helps determine the overall cleanliness of the system being monitored. PC is primarily used for hydraulic systems. Reducing particulates in the lubricant can greatly increase the life of these systems. With the increasing use of marine 2-S main engine system oil for the Servo/Hydraulic systems of the engines, particle counting of Mn Eng. servo/hydraulic systems has assumed great importance.

Viscosity Index (VI) of lubricant is calculated based on viscosity values at 40 °C and 100 °C and can identify the lubricant grade as mono/multigrade.

General bearings

Synergy Marine Group is part of the Container Ship Safety Forum (CSSF), a global B2B network dedicated to enhancing safety and management standards in the container shipping sector.

As the oil sample is brought into proximity to a controlled magnetic flux field in the PQ instrument, this magnetic flux distorts proportionally to the number of ferromagnetic debris within the sample. The amount of distortion is expressed as the “PQ Index” and is independent of particle size. PQ is a valuable adjunct to spectrometry.

Synergy Marine Group is affiliated with Danske Rederier, the primary industry and employers’ association for Danish shipping—Denmark’s top export sector. Danske Rederier actively engages with authorities and policymakers both domestically and globally.

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Synergy Marine Group is part of the Maritime Anti-Corruption Network (MACN), a global initiative striving for a corruption-free maritime industry, promoting fair trade for the greater societal good.

Base Number (BN) is a measure of the acidity neutralisation potential of the lubricant. Products of combustion are the main source of acids. It is an important property for engine oils & an indirect indicator of detergency. BN is tested only for over-based engine oils.

SKF

FTIR is a quick method for determining chemical changes in a lubricant.  The instrument checks for changes of various characteristics by measuring the shift in infrared absorbance at specific wavelengths of a used oil sample, in comparison with levels in a fresh oil sample. The results are presented as a plot of infrared light absorbed against wavelength and expressed as ‘Absorbance per 0.1mm’ (Figure 1).

Synergy Marine Group is a member of The Getting to Zero Coalition, dedicated to launching zero-emission deep-sea vessels by 2030 and achieving full decarbonisation by 2050. The Global Maritime Forum, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and Friends of Ocean Action, founded and manages the Coalition.

Lubricating oil is as important for an engine as blood for a human. Just as a lot of information about human health can be obtained from blood tests, similarly UOA can give deep insight into the machine’s condition.

Synergy Marine Group is a part of INTERCARGO, an association championing safe, efficient, and eco-friendly shipping. INTERCARGO collaborates with the International Maritime Organization and other global entities to shape maritime legislation.

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UOA comprises of a series of Physical & Chemical tests along with Spectrometry, Particle count, Ferrography, IR, PQ, etc.

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Insolubles represent a measurement of all solids in a lubricant. The nature of solids depends on the system. In diesel engine oils, Soot is the main component, and its level is good indicator of combustion efficiency. In other machinery, wear debris, dust and oil oxidation products are the main components. Lubricating oils are typically soluble in pentane.  Oxidation products are typically insoluble in pentane, but soluble in toluene.  Wear debris, soot, sand and asphaltenes are typically insoluble in both pentane and toluene. This test determines the amount of pentane insolubles and toluene insolubles in lubricating oils. The results are expressed as a percentage.

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NTNBearing

It is particularly good for measuring oxidation & nitration; somewhat less reliable but cost effective for measuring contaminants like fuel, water, soot, glycol, etc. Since it relies on comparison with fresh oil results, future tests should preferably be carried out in the same lab.

BearingCompany

The practice of Used Oil Analysis (UOA) started more than 75 years ago when an American railroad company started using wear metal detection in used oil to assess the health of locomotive engines. Now UOA is one of the most potent tools of NDT and plays a central role in any planned/condition-based/predictive maintenance program for all kinds of machinery.

Viscosity is the most important property of any lubricant. Kinematic Viscosity is a measurement of resistance to flow at a specific temperature in relation to time. The two most common reference temperatures for checking lube oil viscosity are 40 °C and 100 °C. Viscosity is generally measured by a kinematic method and reported in centistokes (cSt). In UOA, the sample’s viscosity is compared to that of the new oil to determine whether the oil has thickened or thinned excessively. KV is tested for all lube samples.

Successful UOA begins with sampling. How, when and where a sample is taken from the lubrication system is especially important. This is because only a small amount of oil is collected during sampling. Hence it is essential to collect a truly representative sample of the system. Bad data is worse than no data. If samples are collected incorrectly, the oil analysis is a waste of time, effort & money.

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Lubricating oil in engines and other machinery combines with available oxygen under certain conditions to form a wide variety of harmful by-products. High temperatures, excessive aeration, presence of catalyst materials (e.g., metallic wear particles) accelerate the oxidation process. By-products of oxidation form lacquer deposits, organic acids, corrode metal parts and thicken oil (increase viscosity). Most lubricants contain antioxidant additives which retard the rate of oxidation. Tested by FTIR and expressed as Abs/0.1mm

Synergy Marine Group is involved in IMPA Save’s initiative to reduce single-use water bottles at sea. The IMPA SAVE council comprises top global shipowners and suppliers, representing over 8000 vessels with significant combined purchasing influence.

Ami bearings

Change of lube flash point is mainly influenced by fuel contamination and to a certain extent by high temperature oil degradation. Above 200 °C the test is a FLASH/NO FLASH test. Below 200 °C Flash Point is measured. Usually only engine oil & thermal oil samples are tested for FP.

Metallic elements in the oil sample are measured by various spectroscopic methods. Most commonly ICP Emission Spectrometry (ICP – Inductively Coupled Plasma) is used. Wear, additive & contaminant elements can be measured. The results are usually expressed in ppm. Most spectroscopic methods have a limitation on size of particles that can be measured. ICP-ES does not effectively measure particles larger than 5 – 7 μm as larger particles are not fully vaporised in the plasma due to mass effects and so wear element concentration can be underestimated in cases of particularly high wear.

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GeneralBearing

Acid Number (AN) is the quantity of acid or acid-like derivatives in the lubricant. AN is usually measured in non-crankcase oils. The AN of a new oil is not necessarily nil since some oil additives can be acidic in nature. Increase in AN from that of the new lubricant is monitored. Increases in AN usually indicate lubrication oxidation or contamination with an acidic product.

Synergy Marine Group is a key participant in The All Aboard Alliance’s Diversity@Sea initiative. As one of eleven prominent maritime companies, we aim to foster inclusivity at sea and directly address challenges faced by women seafarers.

A single UOA report is like a paragraph. Trend analysis tells the story. Trend Analysis helps establish patterns within data that can be important for identifying problems early, which if left undetected could later lead to catastrophic failures. The historical trended data may also enable prediction of certain outcomes.

Sanjiv Wazir is a Technical Adviser with LUKOIL Marine Lubricants. He is a mechanical engineer from IIT-Bombay. He is a marine engineer and a member of the Institute of Marine Engineers. He is a Certified Lubrication Specialist from the Society of Tribologists & Lubrication Engineers (STLE), USA and is a member of the Tribological Society of India. He has contributed to MER on marine lubrication developments in the past, and on oil contamination issues under “Lube Matters”, earlier.

Synergy Marine Group is part of IMEC, a top maritime employers’ group championing fair and sustainable labor practices. Representing global employers, IMEC negotiates seafarers’ wages and conditions, and invests in workforce development.