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Deep groove ball bearings, single row angular contact ball bearings, self‑aligning ball bearings, barrel roller bearings and spherical roller bearings are not generally separable.
Suitable bearings are deep groove ball bearings, four point contact bearings, single and double row angular contact ball bearings, spherical roller bearings and single row tapered roller bearings ➤ Figure. Self-aligning ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings NJ (semi-locating bearing) and NU (locating bearing) + L-section ring HJ (= semi-locating bearing unit) ➤ Figure can also be used.
Bearings with a tapered bore can be mounted directly on a tapered shaft seat, for example in the case of single row and double row cylindrical roller bearings of a high precision variant. During mounting of these bearings, the radial internal clearance can be set to a defined value.
In deep groove ball bearings, misalignments lead to unfavourable running of the balls and induce additional loads in the bearing that shorten the operating life of the bearing. In order to keep these loads at a low level, only small adjustment angles are therefore permitted as a function of the load for single row deep groove ball bearings.
Bearings that are not self-retaining simplify the mounting and dismounting of bearings, since the bearing parts can be mounted individually. This is also an advantage if both rings have a tight fit. Separable bearings include four point contact bearings, double row angular contact ball bearings with a split inner ring, certain cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, axial deep groove ball bearings, axial spherical roller bearings, axial cylindrical roller bearings and certain needle roller bearings ➤ Figure.
If a load acts eccentrically, the bearing is subjected to tilting moments. In addition to double row deep groove ball bearings and angular contact ball bearings, suitable bearings in this case are in particular the single row angular contact ball bearings or tapered roller bearings matched in and X or O arrangement ➤ Figure.
Radial insert ball bearings and aligning needle roller bearings have a crowned (spherical) outer ring outside surface and can align themselves on the concave mating surface after mounting ➤ Figure. These bearings are suitable for static adjustment motions. They must not, however, be used for dynamic adjustment motions, oscillating motions etc.
If radial loads (so-called transverse forces) are present – these are forces perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft – bearings are used that support exclusively or predominantly radial forces, which are therefore radial ball bearings and radial roller bearings.
Axial deep groove ball bearings cannot support tumbling motion of the shaft and therefore react with high sensitivity to angular defects.
Non-separable bearings such as deep groove ball bearings and spherical roller bearings can also be used as non-locating bearings. However, one of the two bearing rings must then have a loose fit and must not be in axial contact, so that the relevant ring can be displaced on the seating surface ➤ Figure.
Where angular defects are larger than those indicated in the product chapters, rollers and needle rollers are no longer subjected uniformly to load over their full length. As a result, unacceptably high edge pressures may occur.
In addition to the introduction and dissipation of heat, the decisive factor for the operating temperature of a bearing arrangement is bearing friction. Bearings with particularly low friction include open deep groove ball bearings, single row angular contact ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings with cage under radial load ➤ Figure and ➤ Figure. Comparatively high friction is generated in bearings with contact seals, full complement cylindrical roller bearings and axial roller bearings.
A shaft is normally supported using a locating bearing and a non-locating bearing. The locating bearing gives tight axial guidance of the shaft in both directions. Non-locating bearings can be displaced in an axial direction and thus prevent the locating bearing and non-locating bearing from bracing against each other. In this way, non-locating bearings compensate for changes in axial length and thermal elongation ➤ Figure.
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If mainly axial forces are present – these are forces in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the shaft – bearings are used that support exclusively or predominantly axial forces.
In general, the highest speed achievable by rolling bearings is determined by the permissible operating temperature. This is dependent on the frictional heat generated in the bearing, the heat introduced from external sources and the heat dissipated from the bearing arrangement. When conditions are in equilibrium, the bearing temperature is constant.
For most applications, the normal dimensional and running accuracy of rolling bearings is sufficient (tolerance class Normal). Where there are increased demands on running accuracy and in bearing arrangements with very high speeds, such as in the case of main spindles for machine tools, bearings with increased accuracy are necessary.
Four point contact bearing, axial bearing (the outer ring must not be radially retained if the bearing is subjected to purely axial load)
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If moderate to high axial loads in one direction are present, the bearings available are axial needle roller bearings, axial cylindrical roller bearings, axial tapered roller bearings and axial spherical roller bearings ➤ Figure. Axial cylindrical roller bearings or axial spherical roller bearings arranged adjacent to each other in pairs are suitable for high axial loads of alternating direction.
A load carrying capacity of approximately the same magnitude can be achieved both with bearings that are narrow and have a large outside diameter and also with bearings that are wide and have a smaller outside diameter.
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The bearing size is normally determined by the external load ➤ Figure. In selection of the bearing, it must be noted that roller bearings can be subjected to higher loads due to the line contact than ball bearings of the same size.
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If skewing occurs between the shaft and housing – for example if bearing seats are not aligned, the shaft deforms under load or the bearing positions are a considerable distance apart – this must be compensated by means of suitable bearings (self-aligning bearings). Misalignments should also be expected if individual housings, such as plummer block or flanged housings, are used. Similar effects (alignment inaccuracies of the bearing positions) are caused by angular defects between the radial seating surface and the lateral contact surface of a rolling bearing ring.
Double row deep groove ball bearings cannot undergo angular motion. When using these bearings, therefore, misalignments are not permissible.
The self-alignment facility of cylindrical, tapered and needle roller bearings is smaller than that of deep groove ball bearings. The transverse form of the rolling elements and raceways of these roller bearings is designed such that, at the stated adjustment angles, the load on the material at the rolling contact is still uniform enough that the basic rating life is not impaired.
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The highest speeds are achieved by single row bearings with particularly low friction. Under pure radial load, these are open deep groove ball bearings, while under combined load they are angular contact ball bearings ➤ Figure.
Bearings suitable as non-locating bearings for compensations with the bearing include, in particular, cylindrical roller bearings NU and N with one ribless ring (inner or outer ring), cylindrical roller bearings NJ, some designs of full complement cylindrical roller bearings (SI bearings), needle roller bearings and toroidal roller bearings ➤ Figure.
If the contact surface in the housing is not perpendicular to the rotational axis of the bearing, the angular defect can be compensated by means of axial deep groove ball bearings with a spherical housing locating washer and support washer ➤ Figure.
Where the requirements for running accuracy are low, adapter and extraction sleeves can be used to locate self-aligning ball bearings, barrel roller bearings and spherical roller bearings with a tapered bore on a cylindrical shaft seat in particular ➤ Figure. The mounting and dismounting of such bearing arrangements is particularly simple.
Ballbearingselection
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Misalignments and angular defects can be compensated within certain limits by means of self-aligning rolling bearings (see product chapter). These include bearings such as barrel roller bearings, spherical roller bearings, self-aligning ball bearings, toroidal roller bearings and axial spherical roller bearings ➤ Figure. These bearings have a concave outer ring raceway in which the inner ring together with the rolling element set can swivel.
The axial load carrying capacity of a bearing is determined by the nominal contact angle α. The greater this angle, the higher the axial load carrying capacity of the bearing. An indication of its axial load carrying capacity is also provided by the bearing-specific axial load factor Y in the product tables; the smaller this factor, the higher the axial load capacity.
SKFbearingselection pdf
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If the design envelope is restricted in a radial direction – for example in high performance gearboxes for vehicles – bearings with a small cross-sectional height such as roller and needle roller and cage assemblies, drawn cup needle roller bearings with or without an inner ring, are particularly suitable ➤ Figure. These bearings have high radial load carrying capacity due to the line contact with low section height.
SKFbearingselection chart
If the axial load component is too high, the axial load can also be supported by means of a separate bearing. In addition to a pure axial bearing, radial bearings – e. g. deep groove ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings ➤ Figure or four point contact bearings capable of supporting axial forces in both directions – can be used.
If the four point contact bearing is to be used as an axial bearing only, the outer ring must have radial clearance in the housing.
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If the bearing arrangement is under axial load only, suitable bearings are axial needle roller and axial cylindrical roller and cage assemblies, axial needle roller and axial cylindrical roller bearings and axial deep groove ball bearings with a small axial section height ➤ Figure.
The rigidity of roller bearings is higher, due to the contact conditions between the rolling elements and raceways (line contact), than the rigidity of ball bearings.
If low to moderate pure axial loads are present, suitable bearings are axial deep groove ball bearings and four point contact bearings ➤ Figure. If axial load in one direction is present, single direction axial deep groove ball bearings can be used.
For small shaft diameters, suitable bearings are ball bearings – especially deep groove ball bearings – and needle roller bearings. Where large diameters are present, the bearings available are cylindrical, tapered, spherical and toroidal roller bearings, as well as deep groove ball bearings, but not excluding needle roller bearings.
In many applications, it is frequently the case that one of the main dimensions of the rolling bearing is fixed by the overall design of the machine or piece of equipment. Due to the strength specifications of the shaft, this is generally the bore diameter of the bearing.
The aim of the following descriptions is to assist the designer. They make reference to factors that play a primary role in the selection of the bearing type. More precise data on the individual bearing types, their characteristics and the available designs can be found in the specific product chapters.Criteria for selection of bearing type
If the design envelope is small in an axial direction, the bearings suitable for bearing positions subjected to radial and axial load are certain series of cylindrical roller bearings – e. g. semi-locating bearings NJ in conjunction with deep groove ball bearings or combined needle roller bearings ➤ Figure and ➤ Figure.
Schaeffler produces a multitude of bearing types, from which the designer can choose the one that best suits his needs. Due to the variety of applications and the different influences on the bearing position, it is not, however, possible to give generally applicable rules here for the selection of the bearing type. When deciding on a specific bearing type, it is often necessary to weigh up several criteria.
Cylindrical roller bearings N and NU, needle roller and cage assemblies, drawn cup needle roller bearings with open ends, needle roller bearings and toroidal roller bearings can support radial forces only ➤ Figure.
Axial loads present in one direction only can be supported by single row angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings, cylindrical roller bearings NJ as well as NU + HJand axial spherical roller bearings. For alternating load directions, these bearings must always be mounted with a second bearing (the second bearing must provide support in the opposing direction). For mounting in sets, single row angular contact ball bearings as universal bearings and matched tapered roller bearing sets comprising two single bearings are available.
The rigidity of a rolling bearing is determined by the type, bearing size and operating clearance. The rigidity increases with the number of rolling elements supporting the load. A particularly high level of system rigidity is the objective, for example in main spindle bearing arrangements and rotary table bearing arrangements in machine tools and in pinion bearing arrangements.
In small electrical devices, such as office equipment or household appliances, low running noise is often required. Deep groove ball bearings are particularly suitable for such requirements ➤ Figure. A noise evaluation of the series is permitted by means of the Schaeffler Noise Index ➤ link. It is advantageous to apply axial adjustment to the bearings, for example by means of disc springs.
In ➤ Figure, the tilting moment produced by the eccentrically acting force F is supported by a double row deep groove ball bearing.
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