This type of ball bearing is generally used in applications with long shafts. This is due to mounting problems caused by holes in the housing. The axial force plays a role in self-aligning bearings. This must be kept low, as the grooves in the outer ring have limited contact surfaces for rolling elements. It is used in general mechanical engineering.

Ball bearingtypes

In 1946, a Spanish firm, Vila Sivill Hermanos, began to make a ballpoint, Regia Continua, and from 1953 to 1957 their factory also made Bic ballpoints, on contract with the French firm Société Bic.[24]

Ballpoint pens are sometimes provided free by businesses, such as hotels and banks, printed with a company's name and logo. Ballpoints have also been produced to commemorate events, such as a pen commemorating the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[4] These pens, known as "advertising pens," are the same as standard ballpoint pen models, but have become valued among collectors.

Metal ball bearings corrode more quickly, seize up and, in the worst case, cause the machine to fail, which can lead to high maintenance costs.

"The decisive factor for us here is the Smooth running of the ball bearings in the deflection pulleys. In the past, we used metal bearings here. However, this was not light enough, sometimes making the complete roll stop and the label band would slip over it.

Following World War II, many companies vied to commercially produce their own ballpoint pen design. In pre-war Argentina, success of the Birome ballpoint was limited, but in mid-1945, the Eversharp Co., a maker of mechanical pencils, teamed up with Eberhard Faber Co. to license the rights from Birome for sales in the United States.[1][10]

igus® GmbH would like to point out that it does not sell products from Allen Bradley, B&R, Baumüller, Beckhoff, Lahr, Control Techniques, Danaher Motion, ELAU, FAGOR, FANUC, Festo, Heidenhain, Jetter, Lenze, LinMot, LTi DRiVES, Mitsubishi, NUM, Parker, Bosch Rexroth, SEW, Siemens, Stöber and all other drive manufacturers mentioned on this website. The products offered by igus® are those of igus® GmbH.

We are constantly working on the further development of existing products and new products to improve the technology of your application and reduce costs. Stay up to date at all times.

Metallic bearings are robust and heavy. xiros ball bearings are available for a wide range of applications the perfect alternative, because they are Lightweight, reliable and durable. Plastic ball bearings are frequently used in the automotive and aerospace industries. Wherever low weight is important, xiros comes into its own.

A ballpoint tip that can write comfortably for a long period of time is not easy to produce, as it requires high-precision machinery and thin high-grade steel alloy plates. China, which as of 2017[update] produces about 80 percent of the world's ballpoint pens, relied on imported ballpoint tips and metal alloys before 2017.[56]

Ball BearingBalls

It is generally believed that gravity is needed to coat the ball with ink. In fact most ballpoint pens on the Earth do not work when writing upside-down because the Earth's gravity pulls the ink inside the pen away from the tip of the pen. However, in the microgravity environment of space a regular ballpoint pen can still work, pointed in any direction, because the capillary forces in the ink are stronger than gravitational forces.[citation needed] The functionality of a regular ballpoint pen in space was confirmed by ESA astronaut Pedro Duque in 2003.[41]

The terms "Apiro", "AutoChain", "CFRIP", "chainflex", "chainge", "chains for cranes", "ConProtect", "cradle-chain", "CTD", "drygear", "drylin", "dryspin", "dry-tech", "dryway", "easy chain", "e-chain", "e-chain systems", "e-ketten", "e-kettensysteme", "e-loop", "energy chain", "energy chain systems", "enjoyneering", "e-skin", "e-spool", "fixflex", "flizz", "i.Cee", "ibow", "igear", "iglidur", "igubal", "igumid", "igus", "igus improves what moves", "igus:bike", "igusGO", "igutex", "iguverse", "iguversum", "kineKIT", "kopla", "manus", "motion plastics", "motion polymers", "motionary", "plastics for longer life", "print2mold", "Rawbot", "RBTX", "RCYL", "readycable", "readychain", "ReBeL", "ReCyycle", "reguse", "robolink", "Rohbot", "savfe", "speedigus", "superwise", "take the dryway", "tribofilament", "tribotape", "triflex", "twisterchain", "when it moves, igus improves", "xirodur", "xiros" and "yes" are legally protected trademarks of igus® GmbH/Cologne in the Federal Republic of Germany and possibly in some foreign countries. This is a non-exhaustive list of trademarks (such as pending trademark applications or registered trademarks) of igus GmbH or igus-affiliated companies in Germany, the European Union, the US and/or other countries or jurisdictions.

László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor (later a naturalized Argentine) frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages, noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge-free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink.[5] Bíró enlisted the help of his brother György, a dentist with useful knowledge of chemistry,[14] to develop viscous ink formulae for new ballpoint designs.[4]

Rollerbearing

The inexpensive, disposable Bic Cristal (also simply "Bic pen" or "Biro") is reportedly the most widely sold pen in the world.[29][36] It was the Bic company's first product and is still synonymous with the company name.[37][38] The Bic Cristal is part of the permanent collection at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, acknowledged for its industrial design.[39][36] Its hexagonal barrel mimics that of a wooden pencil and is transparent, showing the ink level in the reservoir. Originally a sealed streamlined cap, the modern pen cap has a small hole at the top to meet safety standards, helping to prevent suffocation if children suck it into the throat.[40]

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The manufacture of economical, reliable ballpoint pens as are known today arose from experimentation, modern chemistry, and the precision manufacturing capabilities of the early 20th century.[4] Patents filed worldwide during early development are testaments to failed attempts at making the pens commercially viable and widely available.[11] Early ballpoints did not deliver the ink evenly; overflow and clogging were among the obstacles faced by early inventors[who?].[5] If the ball socket were too tight or the ink too thick, it would not reach the paper. If the socket were too loose or the ink too thin, the pen would leak, or the ink would smear.[5] Ink reservoirs pressurized by a piston, spring, capillary action, and gravity would all serve as solutions to ink-delivery and flow problems.[12][13]

The function of these components can be observed at a larger scale in the ball-applicator of roll-on antiperspirant. The ballpoint tip delivers the ink to the writing surface while acting as a "buffer" between the ink in the reservoir and the air outside, preventing the quick-drying ink from drying inside the reservoir. Modern ballpoints are said to have a two-year shelf life, on average.[5]

Multi-pens are pens that feature multiple varying colored pen refills. Sometimes ballpoint refills are combined with another non-ballpoint refill, usually a mechanical pencil. Sometimes ballpoint pens combine a ballpoint tip on one end and touchscreen stylus on the other.

The common ballpoint pen is a product of mass production, with components produced separately on assembly lines.[55] Basic steps in the manufacturing process include the production of ink formulas, molding of metal and plastic components, and assembly.[4] Marcel Bich (leading to Société Bic) was involved in developing the production of inexpensive ballpoint pens.[5]

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The ballpoint pen has proven to be a versatile art medium for both professional artists and amateur doodlers.[43] Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient art supply.[44] Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.[45]

The ballpoint pen has several limitations as an art medium. Color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists.[54] As a tool that uses ink, marks made with a ballpoint pen can generally not be erased.[49] Additionally, "blobbing" ink on the drawing surface and "skipping" ink-flow require consideration when drawing with a ballpoint pen.[45] Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light and some extent of fading.[54]

It cannot and does not always have to be the catalogue part. That's why we offer you the service of requesting a customised special part that deviates from the DIN standard for your specific application. From the idea to the solution: endless possibilities thanks to xiros. We will be happy to advise you.

Sometimes ballpoint pens are also produced as design objects. With cases made of metal or wood, they become individually styled utility objects.

Technology developed by Fisher pens in the United States resulted in the production of what came to be known as the "Fisher Space Pen". Space Pens combine a more viscous ink with a pressurized ink reservoir[5] that forces the ink toward the point. Unlike a standard ballpoint's ink container, the rear end of a Space Pen's pressurized reservoir is sealed, eliminating evaporation and leakage,[5] thus allowing the pen to write upside-down, in zero-gravity environments, and allegedly underwater.[42] Astronauts have made use of these pens in outer space.[5]

The concept of using a "ball point" within a writing instrument to apply ink to paper has existed since the late 19th century. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a thin tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, held so that it could not slip into the tube or fall out of the pen.

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Some ballpoint pens use a hybrid ink formulation whose viscosity is lower than that of standard ballpoint ink, but greater than rollerball ink.[32] The ink dries faster than a gel pen to prevent smearing when writing. These pens are better suited for left-handed persons. Examples are the Zebra Surari, Uni-ball Jetstream and Pilot Acroball ranges.[34] These pens are also labelled "extra smooth", as they offer a smoother writing experience compared to normal ballpoint pens.

Depending on the application, xiros is suitable for minimum and maximum temperatures. This makes it possible to dispense with expensive speciality lubricants which are essential for metal ball bearings. The performance was tested in numerous tests in the xiros test laboratory tested and confirmed, also for extreme cold down to -100 °C. For applications with high heat loads, we offer Heat-resistant ball bearings up to +150 °C with long-term use.

Famous 20th-century artists including Andy Warhol, have utilized the ballpoint pen during their careers.[52] Ballpoint pen artwork continues to attract interest in the 21st century, with many contemporary artists gaining recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens as a medium. Korean-American artist Il Lee has been creating large-scale, abstract artwork since the late 1970s solely with ballpoint pens.[43] Since the 1980s, Lennie Mace creates imaginative, ballpoint-only artwork of varying content and complexity, applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim.[53] The artist coined terms such as "PENtings" and "Media Graffiti" to describe his varied output.[49] British artist James Mylne has been creating photo-realistic artwork using mostly black ballpoints, sometimes with minimal mixed-media color.[51]

Ball bearings made of FDA-compliant plastic are used where components come into contact with food or are used in sterile areas. Thanks to the new technology developed by igus® plastic with FDA approvalwhich do not require any additional lubricants, xiros is ideally suited for applications in the Food and beverage industry and Medical technology.

Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.[46] Traditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones[47] or the illusion of form and volume.[48] For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.[49] Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork[50] and photography,[51] causing reactions of disbelief which ballpoint artist Lennie Mace refers to as the "Wow Factor".[49][50]

In this section we answer some general questions about ball bearings and our plastic ball bearings. Among other things, the following topics await you:

Our plastic solutions make it possible to dispense with costly speciality lubricants, which are required for applications that are exposed to aggressive chemicals. This offers considerable advantages over conventional metal ball bearings.

Ball bearingdiagram

Our materials are suitable for a wide range of applications and are characterised by a wide variety of advantages. From cost-effective all-rounders and heat specialists to materials with the best chemical resistance specifications. You can also find out more about the ball materials used.

Ball bearings have become indispensable in mechanical engineering. There are various designs, whereby the dimensions and technical composition of the components depend on the specifications of the industrial application. The following list shows the most commonly used types and where they are used.

Bíró's patent, and other early patents on ballpoint pens, often used the term "ball-point fountain pen".[18][self-published source?][19][20][21][22][23]

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Although designs and construction vary between brands, basic components of all ballpoint pens are universal.[4] Standard components of a ballpoint tip include the freely rotating "ball" itself (distributing the ink on the writing surface), a "socket" holding the ball in place, small "ink channels" that provide ink to the ball through the socket, and a self-contained "ink reservoir" supplying ink to the ball.[5] In modern disposable pens, narrow plastic tubes contain the ink, which is compelled downward to the ball by gravity.[5] Brass, steel, or tungsten carbide are used to manufacture the ball bearing-like points,[5] then housed in a brass socket.[55]

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Ballpoint pens with erasable ink were pioneered by the Paper Mate pen company.[35] The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to rubber cement, allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent.[35] Erasable ink is much thicker than standard ballpoint inks, requiring pressurized cartridges to facilitate inkflow—meaning they can also write upside-down. Though these pens are equipped with erasers, any eraser will suffice.[35]

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xiros has a decisive advantage over its metallic counterpart: The bearings are extremely corrosion-free. Even when used in corrosive environments, they retain their smooth running and long service life - with low maintenance requirements.

What is the ball bearingmade of

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Wherever the absence of metal is important, the non-magnetic plastic ball bearings are the first choice. The xiros range includes both pure plastic solutions and variants with glass balls, which are ideal for applications where there must be no metal.

How doballbearings work

In 1941, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, fled Germany and moved to Argentina, where they formed "Bíró Pens of Argentina" and filed a new patent in 1943.[1] Their pen was sold in Argentina as the "Birome", from the names Bíró and Meyne, which is how ballpoint pens are still known in that country.[1] This new design was licensed by the British engineer Frederick George Miles and manufactured by his company Miles Aircraft, to be used by Royal Air Force aircrew as the "Biro".[17] Ballpoint pens were found to be more versatile than fountain pens, especially in airplanes, where fountain pens were prone to leak.[5]

A ballpoint pen, also known as a biro[1] (British English), ball pen (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Pakistani, Indian and Philippine English), or dot pen[2] (Nepali English and South Asian English), is a pen that dispenses ink (usually in paste form) over a metal ball at its point, i.e., over a "ball point". The metals commonly used are steel, brass, or tungsten carbide.[3] The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens, and it is now the world's most-used writing instrument;[4] millions are manufactured and sold daily.[5] It has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre.

As the name of the bearing suggests, this type is designed to support axial loads. They are available in a single-row or double-row design and are already used in numerous applications in medical technology or the packaging industry.

In general, the more viscous the ink, the faster it will dry, but more writing pressure needs to be applied to dispense ink. But although they are less viscous, hybrid inks have a faster drying time compared to normal ballpoint inks. Also, a larger ball dispenses more ink and thus increases drying time.

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This type of ball bearing absorbs radial forces and is used wherever components rotate. In the automotive industry, for example, deep groove ball bearings can be found in the chassis, where the ball bearings fulfil the function of axle support and guidance. A radial force is always applied when the axis performs a rotary movement.

Bíró's innovation successfully coupled viscous ink with a ball-and-socket mechanism that allowed controlled flow while preventing ink from drying inside the reservoir.[5] Bíró filed for a British patent on 15 June 1938.[1][15][16]

Rollerball pens employ the same ballpoint mechanics, but with the use of water-based inks instead of oil-based inks.[33] Compared to oil-based ballpoints, rollerball pens are said to provide more fluid ink-flow, but the water-based inks will blot if held stationary against the writing surface. Water-based inks also remain wet longer when freshly applied and are thus prone to "smearing"—posing problems to left-handed people (or right handed people writing right-to-left script)—and "running", should the writing surface become wet.

Ball bearings replace sliding friction with rolling friction, allowing rotational movement to take place with little resistance. As a rule, they must be lubricated in order to function properly. xiros plastic ball bearings require no additional lubrication, are corrosion-free and operate extremely quietly. This makes them a cost-effective alternative to their metal counterparts. The components, which consist of a tribopolymer mixture, are lightweight, resistant to chemicals and optionally non-magnetic. This ensures safe use in medicine, packaging, food and drive technology and many other industries.Our xiros ball bearings consist of a mixture of basic plastics, solid lubricants, fibres and filaments. The balls used are usually made of stainless steel, glass or plastic. These are mounted in a cage, which can be made of our own xirodur® materials, PA, PP or PEEK.

Ball bearingexamples

The first patent for a ballpoint pen[6][7] was issued on 30 October 1888 to John J. Loud,[8] who was attempting to make a writing instrument that would be able to write "on rough surfaces—such as wood, coarse wrapping paper, and other articles"[9] which fountain pens could not. Loud's pen had a small rotating steel ball held in place by a socket. Although it could be used to mark rough surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it proved too coarse for letter-writing. With no commercial viability, its potential went unexploited,[1] and the patent eventually lapsed.[10]

The xiros plastic ball bearing programme is characterised in particular by the wide variety of types and Materials from. Small ball bearings are used in model making and medical technology, among others. xiros successfully serves a wide range of applications - including customised products. Special parts are part of the programme.

Ballpoint pen ink is normally a paste containing around 25 to 40 percent dye. The dyes are suspended in a mixture of solvents and fatty acids.[32] The most common of the solvents are benzyl alcohol or phenoxyethanol, which mix with the dyes and oils to create a smooth paste that dries quickly. This type of ink is also called "oil-based ink". The fatty acids help to lubricate the ball tip while writing. Hybrid inks also contain added lubricants in the ink to provide a smoother writing experience. The drying time of the ink varies depending upon the viscosity of the ink and the diameter of the ball.

The inks are resistant to water after drying but can be defaced by certain solvents which include acetone and various alcohols.

Ballpoint pens are produced in both disposable and refillable models. Refills allow for the entire internal ink reservoir, including a ballpoint and socket, to be replaced. Such characteristics are usually associated with designer-type pens or those constructed of finer materials. The simplest types of ballpoint pens are disposable and have a cap to cover the tip when the pen is not in use, or a mechanism for retracting the tip,[4] which varies between manufacturers but is usually a spring- or screw-mechanism.

During the same period, American entrepreneur Milton Reynolds came across a Birome ballpoint pen during a business trip to Buenos Aires, Argentina.[1][10] Recognizing commercial potential, he purchased several ballpoint samples, returned to the United States, and founded the Reynolds International Pen Company. Reynolds bypassed the Birome patent with sufficient design alterations to obtain an American patent, beating Eversharp and other competitors to introduce the pen to the US market.[1][10] Debuting at Gimbels department store in New York City on 29 October 1945,[10] for US$12.50 each (1945 US dollar value, about $212 in 2023 dollars),[10] "Reynolds Rocket" became the first commercially successful ballpoint pen.[1][5][25] Reynolds went to great extremes to market the pen, with great success; Gimbel's sold many thousands of pens within one week. In Britain, the Miles-(Harry) Martin pen company was producing the first commercially successful ballpoint pens there by the end of 1945.[1][26][27]

Marcel Bich also introduced a ballpoint pen to the American marketplace in the 1950s, licensed from Bíró and based on the Argentine designs.[4][29] Bich shortened his name to Bic in 1953, forming the ballpoint brand Bic now recognized globally.[5] Bic pens struggled until the company launched its "Writes First Time, Every Time!"[30][31] advertising campaign in the 1960s.[5] Competition during this era forced unit prices to drop considerably.[5]

Paper Mate pens, among the emerging ballpoint brands of the 1950s, bought the rights to distribute their own ballpoint pens in Canada.[28] Facing concerns about ink-reliability, Paper Mate pioneered new ink formulas and advertised them as "banker-approved".[10] In 1954, Parker Pens released "The Jotter"—the company's first ballpoint—boasting additional features and technological advances which also included the use of tungsten-carbide textured ball-bearings in their pens.[1] In less than a year, Parker sold several million pens at prices between three and nine dollars.[1] In the 1960s, the failing Eversharp Co. sold its pen division to Parker and ultimately folded.[1]

This bearing is designed to support both radial and axial forces in one direction. Angular contact ball bearings make higher speeds possible and reduce friction for a wide range of loads. Angular contact ball bearings are used in the bicycle industry, the automotive sector or, for example, in the spindle of machine tools.

Ballpoint tips are fitted with balls whose diameter can vary from 0.28 mm to 1.6 mm. The ball diameter does not correspond to the width of the line produced by the pen. The line width depends on various factors like the type of ink and pressure applied. Some standard ball diameters are: 0.3 mm, 0.38 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm (fine), 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm (medium), 1.2 mm and 1.4 mm (broad). Pens with ball diameters as small as 0.18 mm have been made by Japanese companies, but are extremely rare.

The plastic developed by igus® enables the flawless running also for Contact with aggressive chemicals. The specified resistance and calculated service life are based on data from our test laboratory.

What is the ball bearingused for

Neither Reynolds' nor Eversharp's ballpoint lived up to consumer expectations in America. Ballpoint pen sales peaked in 1946, and consumer interest subsequently plunged due to market saturation, going from luxury good to fungible consumable.[10] By the early 1950s the ballpoint boom had subsided and Reynolds' company folded.[1]

Robust bearings that can accomodate very heavy radial and heavy axial loads in applications prone to misalignment or shaft deflections.

The dyes used in blue and black ballpoint pens are basic dyes based on triarylmethane and acid dyes derived from diazo compounds or phthalocyanine. Common dyes in blue (and black) ink are Prussian blue, Victoria blue, methyl violet, crystal violet, and phthalocyanine blue. The dye eosin is commonly used for red ink.

Thanks to extensive trials in the xiros test laboratory the service life of the igus bearing can be accurately predicted even under difficult conditions - even for individual applications.

Whether in the packaging, textile, testing technology and quality assurance or modelling industries: xiros plastic ball bearings are already being used successfully in a wide range of industries; wherever conventional metal ball bearing solutions are unsuitable.

Radial deep groove ball bearings, axial ball bearings, flanged ball bearings, pedestal ball bearings, ball transfer units, conveyor rollers, ball slewing rings and other types in various sizes can be found in our online shop. Thanks to the wide range of materials, our solutions are designed for a wide variety of industries and can also solve your specific application.